(a) EL of mice in all groups. (b) TSPQ of mice in all groups. (c) TCP of mice in all groups. (d) Trajectory of the times crossing the platform in all groups. (e) Serum IS concentration of mice in all groups (Δp < 0.01, comparable to the S group; ∗∗p < 0.01, comparable to the M group; ∗p < 0.05, comparable to the M group; EL, escape latency; TSPQ, time spent in platform quadrant; TCP, times of crossing platform; S, sham operation group; M, model group; P, positive control group; MDFD-H, modified Dahuang Fuzi Decoction high-dose group; MDFD-M, modified Dahuang Fuzi Decoction medium-dose group; MDFD-L, modified Dahuang Fuzi Decoction low-dose group).