TABLE 3.
Macrolide resistance mechanisms found in some pathogens and their numbers of rRNA operons
| Organism | Mechanism (reference[s]a) | No. of rRNA operons | Reference(s) for rRNA operons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brachyspira hyodysenteriae | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 157 |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 55 |
| Mycobacterium chelonae | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 146 |
| Mycobacterium abscessus | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 146 |
| Mycobacterium avium | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 84, 90 |
| Mycobacterium intracellulare | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 13, 84, 90 |
| Propionibacterium avidum | 23S RNA mutation | 1 | 111 |
| Helicobacter pylori | 23S RNA mutation | 2 | 17, 68, 133 |
| Propionibacterium granulosum | 23S RNA mutation | 2 | 111 |
| Treponema pallidum | 23S RNA mutation | 2 | 22 |
| Propionibacterium acnes | 23S RNA mutation | 3 | 111 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 23S RNA mutation | 4 | 129; Tait-Kamradt et al., Abstr. ICMASKO V Meet. |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | erm (149) | NAb | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | erm and efflux (61, 104) | 4 | 14 |
| Enterococcus | erm (67) | 4–6 | 116, 117 |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | erm (149) | NA | |
| Bacillus anthracis | erm (149) | NA | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | erm (149) | NA | |
| Staphylococcus | erm and efflux (43) | NA | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | erm (67) | 6 | 145 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Ribosomal protein L4 (129; Tait-Kamradt et al., Abstr. ICMASKO V Meet.) | 4 | 129; Tait-Kamradt et al., Abstr. ICMASKO V Meet. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | erm and efflux (73, 128) | 4 or 6 | 10, 53, 129; Tait-Kamradt et al., Abstr. ICMASKO V Meet. |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | erm and efflux (28, 149) | 6 | 37 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | erm and efflux (70, 128) | 6 | 128 |
| Clostridium perfringens | erm (149) | 9 | 19 |