Table 3. T-cell response in patients with cancer following 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine.
| Study | Location | Vaccine type | Test type | Malignancy type | T-cell response rate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solid | Haematologic | Healthy control | p value | ||||||||
| Monin et al [20] | UK | BNT162b2 | Fluorospot assay for IFNγ-producing and IL-2-producing SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cells | Solid and haematologic malignanciesa | 88% (14/16) | 75% (3/4) | 100% (3/3) | - | |||
| Ehmsen et al [30] | Denmark | mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 | Whole blood IFN-γ release immunoassay | Solid and haematologic malignanciesb | 46% (92/201) | 45% (144/323) | - | - | |||
| Malard et al [33] | France | BNT162b2 | IFN-γ production measurement on PBMCs (ELISPOT assay) | Haematologic malignanciesc | - | 53% (36/68) | - | - | |||
| Aleman et al [36] | USA | mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and GM-CSFd measurement within CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells through intracellular cytokine staining | Multiple myeloma | - | CD4+ response in 96% (25/26) of seropositive patients and 35% (6/17) of seronegative patients | 100% | <0.001 | |||
| Study | Location | Vaccine type | Test type | Malignancy type | IFN- γ secreting T-cell/106 PBMCs, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Kearns et al [35] | UK | BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 | Spike specific IFN-γ T cell response (Oxford Immunotec T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 assay) | Immunocompromised patientse | 32% (8–112) | 54 (20–164) in patients with haematologic malignancies and 32 (8–108) in HSCT patients | 60% (20–136) | - | |||
Gynaecological, breast, renal, prostate, testicular, bladder, skin, thoracic, gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, glioblastoma, CLL/SLL, plasma cell myeloma, DLBCL, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, nodular sclerosing HL, post-renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, AML, MDS or MPN, CML, T-cell precursor ALL, myelofibrosis
Breast, gastrointestinal, urological, gynaecologic, thoracic, skin cancers, CLL/SLL, multiple myeloma, DLBCL, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, others
ALL, non-HL, HL, CLL, multiple myeloma, MGUS, AML, MDS, MPN, others
Tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-2 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Inflammatory arthritis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis, end stage kidney disease patients requiring with or without immunosuppression, hepatic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, solid cancer, haematologic malignancy, HSCT