Table 2.

Measures

Immediate Posttest, and Delayed Posttest	Source
How much ice is melting in Greenland yearly compared to previously? a) Twice as much, b) Three times as much, c) Four times as much, d) Five times as much	Developed for the study. Maximum score = 27; (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78, 0.78 in the immediate and follow-up tests respectively)
What is meant by the greenhouse effect? a) An isolating layer of gasses around the Earth, which keeps in the heat, b) Air pollution from factories and cars, which creates a “duvet” over many cities, c) An isolating layer of gasses around the Earth, which keeps Earth cool, d) When a hole is made in the ozone layer and Earth’s oxygen is released into the atmosphere
Which gas, which contributes to an increase in the greenhouse effect, has been released into the atmosphere in large quantities during the last few years? a) Oxygen, b) Carbon monoxide, c) Carbon dioxide
When did the manmade augmentation of the greenhouse effect really spark off? a) During the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century, b) During the oil crisis in the 1970’s, c) During the Second World War in the 1940’s, d) During the climate crisis in the 1990’s
The biggest human contribution to the greenhouse effect stems from a) Plastic in the oceans, b) Fossil fuels, c) Nuclear power, d) Solar and wind energy
What has been experimented with in order to counteract the acidification of the oceans around Greenland? a) Banning the discharge of meltwater (True/False), b) Removing plastic and other pollutants from the oceans (True/False), Establishing forests of seaweed (True/False), c) Adding a basic material to the ocean (True/False)
What is true and false about albedo? a) Albedo is a layer of gasses that regulate Earth’s temperature (True/False), b) Albedo is a measure of the radiation that is reflected back into space (True/False), c) Albedo is also the name of an international agreement concerning global warming (True/False), d) Albedo is a measure of the radiation that is absorbed when sun hits the surface of the Earth (True/False), e) O2, CO2, NO2, and CNO2 have high albedos (True/False), f) Seawater and land have high albedos (True/False), g) Snow and ice have high albedos (True/False)
What happens to the planet when the ice and snow in Greenland melt? a) The temperature decreases because the ice and snow release cooling gasses (True/False), b) The temperature decreases because the oceans are cooled (True/False), c) The air temperature increases because there is less snow and ice (True/False), d) It leads to a higher concentration of corals (True/False), e) It leads to an increased reflection of energy, which cools the planet via ice-albedo feedback (True/False)
What happens if soot is covering ice and snow? a) The soot isolates and prevents the ice and snow from melting (True/False), b) The soot is gradually dissolved and nothing else happens (True/False), c) The soot is cooled and releases greenhouse gasses (True/False), d) The soot absorbs the radiation of the sun resulting in the snow and ice melting (True/False)
What connection is there between the greenhouse effect and the melting of ice? a) There is no connection, b) When water goes from solid to liquid form, CO2 is released, c) When ice melts, sea temperatures increase—this makes plastic in the oceans release greenhouse gasses, d) When water goes from solid to liquid form, CO2 is absorbed
How many people is expected to require evacuation during this century as a consequence of rising sea levels produced by melting ice? a) Between 10 million and a 100 million, b) Approximately 5 million, c) Approximately 500.000, d) Less than 100.000
Presence Survey	Adapted from Makransky et al., (2017) Cronbach alpha = .94
The virtual field trip to Greenland seemed real to me
The virtual field trip to Greenland gave me the feeling of being there myself
My experience in the virtual environment seemed as though I was there in the real world
While I was in the virtual environment, I had a sense of “being there”
I was completely captivated by the virtual world
Interest Survey	Adapted from Thisgaard and Makransky, (2017) Cronbach alpha = .95
I am interested in the scientific explanations for climate change
I am interested in the albedo effect
I am interested in the greenhouse effect
I am interested in climate change
Enjoyment Survey	Adapted from Tokel and İsler (2015) Cronbach alpha = .95
I like to learn about climate change through VR/video
I think that it is fun to use VR/video to learn about climate change

All of the items were administered in the local language and have been translated in this table.

All items in the presence, interest, and enjoyment surveys were answered on a five-point Likert scale with the following anchors: 1 = strongly disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = neither agree nor disagree; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree.