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. 2022 Apr 21;13:2174. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29850-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a HS-AFM frames (Supplementary Movie 1) of the bilayer formation process: t = 0 s: Non-flat sample surface before addition of lipid. t = 167 s: SUVs deposit on the surface. t = 187 s: Vesicles start to spread and fuse to form a SLB. t = 267 s: The entire surface is membrane covered. b Line profiles along the dashed lines in a. c Height distribution histograms of the images shown in a: Height values shifted over time by the thickness of a bilayer (~4 nm; compare blue and orange height distributions at t = 0 s and t = 267 s, respectively. d Nanopattern-subtracted images of the images shown in a. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.