Fig. 5. Intracellular ROS, cytotoxicity and cells apoptosis induced by PDT.

a Intracellular ¹O₂ detection by CLSM after HeLa cells were incubated with different AIEgens including TPE-PyT-CPS (0.2 μM), TPE-T-CPS (0.4 μM), TPE-PyT-PS (0.4 μM) and SOSG under laser irradiations (25 mW cm⁻², 2 min). Scale bar, 20 μm. b Average fluorescence intensity of SOSG after the HeLa cells incubated with different AIEgens and under laser irradiations for 2 min (25 mW cm⁻², n = 4 biologically independent experiments). c Cell viabilities of HeLa cells after incubation with varied concentrations of TPE-T-CPS, TPE-PyT-PS and TPE-PyT-CPS with 532 nm laser irradiation for 2 min (65 mW cm⁻², n = 3 biologically independent experiments). d Apoptosis of HeLa cells treated with TPE-PyT-CPS (0.2 μM) under 532 nm laser (65 mW cm⁻², 2 min). Scale bar, 50 μm. Experiments in 5a and 5d were performed three times independently, representative images are shown. Data in 5b and 5c are presented as mean ± SD. Statistically significant differences between the experimental groups were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t-test. when p < 0.05, it was considered to have statistical significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.