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. 2022 Apr 21;13:2178. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29878-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Overview of the integrated MC simulator. The simulation platform processes parameters from a user and performs analysis of thermal dissipation, light propagation, and energy absorption. One can determine the best PDT regimen to be the most effective in activating a photosensitizer. b Three-dimensional and cross-sectional view of a tumor-tissue model (left). Light scattering and heatmap at a wavelength of 406 nm and 652 nm, respectively for activation of Foscan (middle). Plots of variation in temperatures as a function of time during each mode of operation; constant and 25 Hz with 10 ms on (right). The best PDT regimen for activation of Hypericin c and Foscan d. Five criteria include 1. degree of light penetration, 2. rate of energy absorbance, 3. level of uniformity of energy absorbance into a tumor cell, 4. the time required for delivery of targeted light energy, and 5. range of temperature variation.