Table 2.

Independent variables (n=25) associated with efficiency scores

	Observed coefficient	Standard error	p value	95% CI
Main DEA model regression results
Typical number of visits to a health facility after diagnosis for drug-sensitive tuberculosis treatment	0·0001	0·0001	0·4410	−0·0001 to 0·0002
Typical number of visits to a health facility after diagnosis for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment	−4·53 × 10−5*	1·86 × 10−5	0·0150	−0·0001 to −8·68 × 10−6
Estimated proportion of drug-sensitive tuberculosis cases who are hospitalised	−0·0816†	0·0182	<0·0001	−0·1163 to −0·0441
Estimated proportion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases who are hospitalised	0·0321‡	0·0108	0·0030	0·0105 to 0·0529
Estimated average duration of stay for drug-sensitive tuberculosis cases if they are hospitalised	0·0008†	0·0002	0·0010	0·0003 to 0·0013
Estimated average duration of stay for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases if they are hospitalised	4·06 × 10−5	4·96 × 10−5	0·4120	−0·0001 to 0·0001
Governance indicators§	−0·0217*	0·0103	0·0350	−0·0418 to −0·0011
Current health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)	−2·09 × 10−5	1·70 × 10−5	0·2190	−0·0001 to 1·42 × 10−5
Current health expenditure (proportion of GDP)	0·7154†	0·1779	<0·0001	0·3673 to 1·0671
External health expenditure (proportion of current health expenditure)	−0·0087	0·0399	0·8270	−0·0856 to 0·0709
Out-of-pocket expenditure (proportion of current health expenditure)	−0·1677†	0·0279	<0·0001	−0·2213 to −0·1124
Population total (log)	0·0035	0·0028	0·2070	−0·0017 to 0·0089
Population per km2	−3·20 × 10−5	2·04 × 10−5	0·1170	−0·0001 to 8·92 × 10−6
Rural population (proportion of total population)	0·0664*	0·0259	0·0100	0·0148 to 0·1159
Tuberculosis spending accounted for by external sources (proportion of total tuberculosis spending, excluding private spending)	−0·0657†	0·0166	<0·0001	−0·0995 to −0·0335
UHC service coverage index	0·398†	0·0584	<0·0001	0·2816 to 0·5113
Incidence of tuberculosis per 100 000 people	−0·0003†	0·0000	<0·0001	−0·0004 to −0·0003
Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis per 100 000 people	0·0019‡	0·0007	0·0040	0·0006 to 0·0032
HIV prevalence (adults age 15 to 49 years; proportion of the population)	0·0239	0·1342	0·8590	−0·2492 to 0·2862
Population living in slums (proportion of urban population)	−0·1075†	0·0283	<0·0001	−0·1618 to −0·0517
Diabetes prevalence (proportion of population age ≥18 years)	0·7799†	0·1169	<0·0001	0·5552 to 1·0119
Alcohol use disorders, 12-month prevalence (proportion of population age ≥15 years)	−0·0739	0·1495	0·6210	−0·3653 to 0·2245
Gini index¶	0·0478	0·0652	0·4630	−0·0810 to 0·1743
Proportion of population living below the international poverty line	−0·0462	0·0350	0·1870	−0·1138 to 0·0230
Prevalence of undernourishment (proportion of population)	0·1851†	0·0483	<0·0001	0·0898 to 0·2784
Main SFA model regression results
Typical number of visits to a health facility after diagnosis for drug-sensitive tuberculosis treatment	−1·65 × 10−5	2·50 × 10−5	0·51	−6·54 × 10−5 to 3·24 × 10−5
Typical number of visits to a health facility after diagnosis for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment	2·04 × 10−5‡	7·24 × 10−6	0·0053	6·22 × 10−6 to 3·46 × 10−5
Estimated proportion of drug-sensitive tuberculosis cases who are hospitalised	0·0006	0·0070	0·94	−0·013 to 0·014
Estimated proportion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases who are hospitalised	0·0061	0·0035	0·078	−0·0007 to 0·013
Estimated average duration of stay for drug-sensitive tuberculosis cases if they are hospitalised	−1·79 × 10−4‡	6·07 × 10−5	0·0032	−2·98 × 10−4 to −6·04 × 10−5
Estimated average duration of stay for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases if they are hospitalised	6·79 × 10−6	1·24 × 10−5	0·58	−1·75 × 10−5 to 3·11 × 10−5
Governance indicators§	−0·016‡	0·0050	0·0010	−0·026 to −0·0064
Current health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)	2·17 × 10−5‡	8·16 × 10−6	0·0084	5·70 × 10−6 to 3·77 × 10−5
Current health expenditure (proportion of GDP)	0·19†	0·060	0·0013	0·073 to 0·31
External health expenditure (proportion of current health expenditure)	0·0012	0·017	0·94	−0·032 to 0·035
Out-of-pocket expenditure (proportion of current health expenditure)	−0·037‡	0·012	0·0020	−0·060 to −0·013
Population total (log)	−0·0069†	0·0012	<0·0001	−0·0093 to −0·0045
Population per km2	3·17 × 10−5†	8·85 × 10−6	<0·0001	1·43 × 10−5 to 4·90 × 10−5
Rural population (proportion of total population)	−0·030*	0·013	0·023	−0·057 to −0·0043
Tuberculosis spending accounted for by external sources (proportion of total tuberculosis spending, excluding private spending)	−0·0050	0·0050	0·31	−0·015 to 0·0047
UHC service coverage index	0·10†	0·014	<0·0001	0·075 to 0·13
Incidence of tuberculosis per 100 000 people	−4·22 × 10−5†	1·16 × 10−5	<0·0001	−6·49 × 10−5 to −1·95 × 10−5
Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis per 100 000 people	−1·70 × 10−4	2·11 × 10−4	0·42	−5·84 × 10−4 to 2·44 × 10−4
HIV prevalence (adults age 15 to 49 years; proportion of the population)	−0·107*	0·047	0·024	−0·20 to −0·014
Population living in slums (proportion of urban population)	−0·046‡	0·016	0·0042	−0·077 to −0·014
Diabetes prevalence (proportion of population age ≥18 years)	0·046	0·073	0·53	−0·097 to 0·19
Alcohol use disorders, 12-month prevalence (proportion of population age ≥15 years)	−0·026	0·071	0·71	−0·17 to 0·11
Gini index¶	0·11†	0·025	<0·0001	0·056 to 0·15
Proportion of population living below the international poverty line	0·021	0·015	0·16	−0·0079 to 0·049
Prevalence of undernourishment (proportion of population)	−0·056*	0·026	0·033	−0·11 to −0·0044

Data are based on 1209 observations. SFA coefficients have been multiplied by −1 to show the association with efficiency, rather than inefficiency. DEA=data envelopment analysis. GDP=gross domestic product. PPP=purchasing power parity. SFA=stochastic frontier analysis. UHC=universal health coverage.

^*p<0·05.

^†p<0·001.

^‡p<0·01.

^§The average of six World Governance Indicators: (1) voice and accountability, (2) political stability and absence of violence or terrorism, (3) government effectiveness, (4) regulatory quality, (5) rule of law, and (6) control of corruption.

^¶In which a score of 0 equates to perfect equality and 100 equates to perfect inequality.