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Solid polymer scaffold component was functionalized to enhance applicability, cell adhesion, and vascular ingrowth. (a) CAD model of PCL scaffold for 3D-printing as used in the experiments. (b) Scanning electron microscopy of untreated PCL scaffold structure after 3D-printing shows smooth surface with minimal porosity. (c) Surface modification of 3D-printed PCL scaffold with heparin. (d) Adhesion of INS-1 on 3D-printed PCL scaffold. Scale bar (b) 20 µm, (c) 2 µm, and (d) 10 µm.
