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. 2022 Apr 8;13:809497. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809497

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Copyright © 2022 Remali, Sahidin and Aizat.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The reaction mechanisms for the two main precursors of xanthones, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone and 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone. This oxidative phenol coupling reaction is present in several plant species including C. erythraea, H. androsaemum, H. calycinum, H. perforatum, and G. mangostana. (A) In addition, 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone can be formed through the deglycosidation process of 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone-2′-O-glucoside in H. annulatum. (B) Dotted arrows indicate hypothetical/proposed pathways while protein activities detected at the molecular level are in bold (refer to Table 1). CYP, cytochrome P450; THX, trihydroxyxanthone.