Table 1.

Mutagenic nucleosides and their mutational effects on HIV-1.

Mutagenic Nucleoside	Increase in Mutation Frequency	Mutational Preference	References
5-azacytidine	2.3-fold	G/C transversions	[45,47]
5-fluorouracil	<1.5-fold	A/G, U/C transitions	[48]
5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine	3.4-fold	G→A, G→T	[49]
5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine	3.1-fold	A→G, G→C	[49]
Decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine)	4.1-fold	G/C transversions	[50]
Gemcitabine (2,2(′)-difluoro-2(′)-deoxycytidine)	<1.5-fold		[48]