Table 2.
Studies showing lethal mutagenesis in single-stranded RNA viruses grown in the presence of mutagenic base and nucleoside analogs.
| Virus Names | Family/Genus | Mutagenic Base and Nucleoside Analogs | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive-strand RNA viruses | ||||
| - | Poliovirus | Picornaviridae/Enterovirus | Ribavirin, 5-nitrocytidine, 6-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-3,4-dihydro-8H-pyrimido [4,5-c][1,2]oxazin-7-one, and N-6-substituted purine analogs (JA28 and JA30) | [69,70,71,72] |
| Coxsackievirus | Picornaviridae/Enterovirus | Ribavirin, and N-6-substituted purine analogs | [72,73] | |
| Encephalomyocarditis virus | Picornaviridae/Cardiovirus | 5-Fluorouracil | [74] | |
| Foot-and-mouth disease virus | Picornaviridae/Aphthovirus | 5-Fluorouracil, ribavirin, and favipiravir | [74,75,76,77,78,79] | |
| Murine norovirus | Caliciviridae/Norovirus | Favipiravir | [80] | |
| Dengue virus | Flaviviridae/Flavivirus | 3-Hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide (T-1105), and its ribose derivative (T-1106) | [81] | |
| Usutu virus | Flaviviridae/Flavivirus | 5-Fluorouracil and favipiravir, while ribavirin effects are less pronounced. | [82] | |
| West Nile virus | Flaviviridae/Flavivirus | Ribavirin and favipiravir | [83,84] | |
| Zika virus | Flaviviridae/Flavivirus | Ribavirin and favipiravir | [82] | |
| GB virus B | Flaviviridae/Hepacivirus | Ribavirin | [85] | |
| Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae/Hepacivirus | Ribavirin and favipiravir | [86,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
| Hepatitis E virus | Hepeviridae/Orthohepevirus | Ribavirin | [93] | |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | Togaviridae/Alphavirus | β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (molnupiravir) | [94] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Coronaviridae/Betacoronavirus | Favipiravir and β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (molnupiravir) | [68,95,96] | |
| Tobacco mosaic virus | Virgaviridae/Tobamovirus | 5-Fluorouracil | [97] | |
| Negative-strand RNA viruses | ||||
| Influenza A virus |
Orthomyxoviridae/ Alphainfluenzavirus |
Ribavirin, 5-azacytidine, 5-fluorouracil, and β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (molnupiravir) | [98,99] | |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | Rhabdoviridae/Vesiculovirus | 5-Fluorouracil | [74,100] | |
| Hantaan virus | Hantaviridae/Orthohantaviridae | Ribavirin | [101,102] | |
| Rift Valley fever virus | Phenuiviridae/Phlebovirus | Favipiravir | [103] | |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | Arenaviridae/Mammarenavirus | 5-Fluorouracil | [74,104] | |
| Ebola virus | Filoviridae/Ebolavirus | Favipiravir | [105] | |
| Marburg virus | Filoviridae/Marburgvirus | Favipiravir | [105] | |