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Optical properties of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd NPs. (a) The emission spectra of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd NPs with different laser powers (excited by an 808 nm laser); (b) the emission intensities of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd NPs (at 1050 nm) with different laser powers under 808 nm laser excitation; (c) in vitro NIR-II emission intensity of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd NPs (2 mg/mL) at different wavelengths (excited by an 808 nm laser, 50 mW/cm2); inset shows the NIR-II image of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd NPs versus 808 nm excitation.
