Table 1.

Antioxidant molecules with their class, mechanism and targets.

Molecule	Class	Mechanism and Targets
Nrf2	Transcription factor	In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 escapes from degradation throught the inactivation of Keap1 and binds to antioxidant rensponse elements in the regulatory region of target genes. Nrf2 induces the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in redox homeostasis, xenobiotic metabolism, anabolic metabolism, DNA damage, proliferation and survival responses
H2S	Gaseous mediator	H2S exerts anti-oxidant effects through several mechanisms: (i) acts as a direct scavenger that reduces excessive amounts of ROS; (ii) upregulates the antioxidant defense system through the Nrf2 pathway; (iii) increases the production of intracellular GSH
Dexmedetomidine	Drug (a2-adrenoreceptor agonist with sedative effect)	Dexmedetomidine increases antioxidant activity and reduces the synthesis of ROS, but the exact mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated
Edaravone	Neuroprotective drug	Edaravone is a scavenger of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals
Ferrostatin-1	Arylamine	Radical-trapping anti-oxidants
Liproxstatin	Arylamine	Radical-trapping anti-oxidants
MitoQ	Quinone	MitoQ is accumulated at the matrix-facing surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where complex II of the ETC recycles it into the active ubiquinol form (MitoQH2). This form has been shown to be a highly effective anti-oxidant by reacting with ROS
SS-31	Peptide-based cell-permeable antioxidant compound	SS-31 can scavenge H2O2 and ONOO− and inhibit lipid peroxidation
Tempol	Superoxide dismutase-mimetic	Tempol scavenges H2O2, NO, ONOO−, lipid peroxyl, and alkoxyl radicals
Mito-TEMPO	Piperidine nitroxide TEMPO combined with the TPP cation	Mito-TEMPO possesses O2− and alkyl radical scavenging properties
XJB-5-131	4-NH2-TEMPO combined with pentapeptide fragment from gramicidin S	XJB-5-131 is both an electron scavenger and an anti-oxidant