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. 2022 Apr 13;27(8):2507. doi: 10.3390/molecules27082507

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of curcumin and LPS on IDO expression. Rat cultured astrocytes were treated with 1 µM curcumin, 1 µg/mL LPS, and their combined treatment for 12 h. Treated cells were harvested and analyzed regarding IDO mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Note that LPS induced IDO mRNA expression and curcumin further enhanced this effect. Data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Statistical differences were investigated using the one-way ANOVA test and are represented as ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. ^## p < 0.01 compared with the LPS group.