Immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus of control and ZnO NP-treated rats with or without esculetin (25 mg/kg) or fucoidan (30 mg/kg) treatment. Control (A), ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg) (B), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) (C), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + esculetin (25 mg/kg) (D), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + fucoidan (30 mg/kg) (E), esculetin (25 mg/kg) only (F), fucoidan (30 mg/kg) only (G). Semi-quantitative analysis of GFAP-positive area in the hippocampus (H). All samples were counterstained with hematoxylin. Data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 3). *** p < 0.001 compared to control, ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group. Scale bars = 200 μm.