Table 3.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Sample (I/C) | Age | Intervention | Intensity | Control | Measuring Instrument | Assessments | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiatarone et al., 2014 [33] | 73/27 | 55–89 | EG1: CT and Progressive HIFT. EG2: HIFT and SCOG. EG3: CT and SPEX | 15–18 on the Borg Scale and 80% RM | SCOG and SPEX | ADAS-Cog | T0 = Baseline T1 = 6 months T2 = 18 months |
6 months intervention of a HIFT program improves global cognition compared to sham exercise (p < 0.05); this benefit persisted for 18 months (p = 0.08). |
| Lamb, et al., 2018 [35] | 329/165 | 77 ± 7.9 | HIFT | RPE adapted for use by people with dementia 20 RM 12 RM |
Usual Physical Activity of the Participant. | MMSE ADAS-Cog | T0 = Baseline T1 = 6 months T2 = 12 months |
4 months intervention of HIFT that includes aerobic and strength exercise has negative effects on the cognitive impairment in people with mild to moderate dementia (adjusted mean difference −0.6; 95% confidence interval −1.6 to 0.4; p = 0.24). Cognitive impairment declined over the 12-month follow-up in both trial arms; (adjusted mean difference −1.4, 95% confidence interval −2.6 to −0.2) p = 0.03. |
| Littbrand, et al., 2011 [36] | 91/100 | 85.3 ± 6.1 | HIFT | 8–12 RM | Occupational Therapist Exercise Program developed exclusively for this study. | MMSE Berg Scale |
T0 = Baseline T1 = 3 months T2 = 6 months |
No significant differences were found between the groups after the intervention. After 3 months p = 5.28 and after 6 months p = 0.47. |
| Gbiri et al., 2020 [34] | 16/15 | 69.6 ± 3.4 | Progressive HIFT | 80% RM | Basic Home Exercise Program. | MMSE ADAS-Cog | T0 = Baseline T1 = 6 weeks T2 = 12 weeks |
Progressive HIFT improves cognitive function. MMSE (mean rank) between baseline and post 6-week interventions: 3.56 for experimental group and 1.20 for control group- p = 0.022. MMSE between 6-week and 12-week of intervention 3.75 (experimental group), 1.87 (control group) p = 0.000. |
| Telenius, et al., 2015 [37] | 87/83 | 86.7 ± 7.4 | HIFT | 12 RM | Light physical activity in sitting. | MMSE CDR Berg Scale |
T0 = Baseline T1 = 12 weeks |
No significant changes in the MMSE (p = 0.69, effect size 0.1) |
| Telenius, et al., 2015 [38] | 87/81 | 86.9 ±7.4 | HIFT | 12 RM | Light physical activity, reading, playing games, listening to music and conversations | MMSE CDR Berg Scale |
T0 = Baseline T1 = 3 months T2 = 6 months |
Post-intervention measures showed no significant differences between groups p = 0.492. |
| Toots et al., 2017 [39] | 93/93 | 85.1 ± 7.1 | HIFT | 8–12 RM | While seated they sang, listened to music or readings, and/or looked at pictures and objects concerning interesting topics. | MMSE VF ADAS-Cog | T0 = Baseline T1 = 4 months T2 = 7 months |
There were no differences from baseline between groups at 4 months (−0.27, 95% CI −1.4 to 0.87, p = 0.644) or at 7 months in MMSE (−1.15, 95% CI −2.32 to 0.03, p = 0.056) |
N: number of participants. CG: control group. EG: experimental group. HIFT: High-Intensity Functional Training. CT: cognitive training. SCOG: sham cognitive. SPEX: sham physical. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. ADAS-Cog: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive. CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. 6 MWT: 6-Minute Walk Test. RM: repetition maximum. T: measurement time points.