Table 1.

Main nanoparticles for COVID-19 vaccines.

Vaccine Brand Name	Type of Nanoparticle	Technology	Role of Nanoparticles
mRNA-1273 ModernaTX, Inc., Cambridge (MA), United States	Lipid nanoparticles containing cholesterol, DSPC, and PEG2000	mRNA	RNA carrier for safe and efficient transport in vivo [148]
NVX-CoV2373	Virus-like nanoparticles containing saponin-based adjuvants	Protein subunit	Thermostable, higher binding affinity toward the human ACE2 receptor [149]
BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNtech	Lipid nanoparticles containing an ionizable cationic lipid/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG–lipid	mRNA	RNA carrier for safe and efficient transport in vivo [130,143,144]
ARCT-021 Arcturus Therapeutics Ltd.	Lipid nanoparticles containing ionizable lipid with a thioester to link the amine-bearing headgroup to lipid tails via two additional ester groups.	mRNA	RNA carrier for safe and efficient transport in vivo [150]
Chula Cov19 Chulalongkorn University	Novel lipid nanoparticles containing cationic lipids	mRNA	RNA carrier for safe and efficient transport in vivo [145]
CVnCoV CureVac AG	Lipid nanoparticles containing ionizable lipid ALC-0315	mRNA	RNA carrier for safe and efficient transport in vivo [146]