Table 1.

Diagnostic modality, expected findings, and relative specificity for COVID-19-associated myocarditis. “+” represents non-specific finding while “+++++” corresponds to high specificity.

Diagnostic Modality	Expected Finding in COVID-19 Associated Myocarditis	Relative Specificity
Cardiac troponin	Elevated [70,71]	+++
Brain-type natriuretic peptide	Elevated [78,80,81]	++
C-reactive protein	Elevated [78,80,81]	+
Interleukin-6	Elevated [78,80,81]	+
Lactate dehydrogenase	Elevated [78,80,81]	+
Transthoracic echocardiogram	LV dysfunction, normal LVIDd, increased wall thickness, pericardial effusion, possible LV thrombus [111,112,113,114,115,117,118,123]	++
Cardiac MRI	Presence of LGE, edema, LV dysfunction, possible pericardial effusion [126,127]	++++
Cardiac multidetector CT	Increased myocardial extracellular volume [133,134]	+++
Endomyocardial biopsy	Interstitial edema, lymphocytic infiltrate, increased macrophage presence, myocyte necrosis [76,100,101,102,103,114]	+++++

CT: computer tomography; LV: left ventricular; LVIDd: left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.