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. 2022 Apr 14;14(8):1642. doi: 10.3390/nu14081642

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Graphical summary of the main findings. Effect of B. licheniformis on inhibiting HPA axis hyperactivity (reducing serum CORT) and inflammation (reducing serum TNF-α) by remodeling the gut microbiota and reducing anxiety (reducing anxiety-like behaviors and changing brain neurotransmitter levels) to alleviate the subhealth. The green arrow indicates a decrease, the red arrow indicates an increase, the green “−” indicates a negative effect, and the red “+” indicates a positive effect. GLU glutamic acid, GABA gamma-amino butyric acid, NE norepinephrine, CORT corticosterone, SCFAs short chain fatty acids.