Table 1.

Hypermethylated TSGs in racially diverse AA and EA patients with BC (reported data).

Tumor Suppressor Genes	Regular Function	Effect after Hypermethylation	Comments	References
RARB	▪Promotes apoptotic cell death	▪Increase in BC progression ▪Increase in metastasis	▪Hypermethylation in AA compared to EA BC patients	[24]
CDH13	▪Cell–cell adhesion ▪Inhibits cell invasion and proliferation	▪Increases risk of BC	▪Hypermethylation in ER negative AA patients with BC than EA. However, not in ER positive AA and EA BC patients	[24]
RASSF1	▪Tumor suppressor	▪Poor outcome in BC ▪Increase in metastasis	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients	[24]
SCGB3A	▪Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation	▪Increase in metastasis ▪Poor outcome in BC	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients	[21]
TWIST1	▪Promotes invasion and metastasis	▪Increase in metastasis ▪Poor outcome in BC	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients	[21,25]
CCND1	▪Induces senescence like phenotype ▪Inhibits cell proliferation	▪Increases BC risk ▪Increase in metastasis	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients	[21]
SFRP1	▪Negative regulator of WNT	▪Increases BC progression	▪Hypermethylation in older AA than older EA BC patients	[26]
TUSC3	▪Tumor suppressor	▪Poor survival	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients leading to poor survival in AA	[27]
TES	▪Tumor suppressor	▪Poor survival	▪Hypermethylation in AA than EA BC patients leading to poor survival in AA	[27]