Table 3.

Hypermethylated genes (other than TSGs) in patients with BC (reported data, race wise difference in methylation pattern not studied).

Genes	Regular Function	Effect after Promoter Hypermethylation	Comments	References
CXCL12	▪Metastasis	▪Increase in metastasis ▪Poor prognosis in BC	▪Hypermethylated in highly aggressive BC cell lines	[39]
CXCR4	▪Cell–cell adhesion ▪Cell proliferation and migration	▪Better overall and disease-free survival	▪Hypermethylated in lower grade and stage of BC	[40]
TOX	▪DNA damage repair	▪Poor prognosis in BC	▪Hypermethylated in patients with BC	[41]
SPOCK2	▪Invasion and metastasis	▪Poor prognosis in BC	▪Hypermethylated in BC cell lines	[33]
DPY5	▪Involved in drug catabolism	▪Poor prognosis in BC	▪Hypermethylated in luminal A and B BC subtype	[33]
PITX2	▪Useful marker in predicting the chemotherapeutic response	▪Poor prognosis in BC	▪Hypermethylation in patients with triple negative breast cancer	[42]
TP53	▪Induces apoptosis	▪Worst outcome in BC ▪Increases BC progression	▪Hypermethylated in patients with BC	[43]
MDM2	▪Promotes invasion and migration	▪Better overall and disease-free survival	▪Hypermethylated in lower grade and stage of BC	[28]