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Carotenoids block the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB or Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, thus reducing tumor cell initiation, progression, and metastasis. Abbreviations: Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2: IGF: Insulin-like growth factor: MMP9: Matrix Metallopeptidase 9.
