Table 1.

The limitations associated with the use of CARs as functional food, and possible solutions to such limitations.

Limitations	Possible Solution	Reference
Low contents of CARs in staple foods crops	Biofortification of crops	[89,90,91,92]
Solvent residues in extracted CARs	Green-solvent-assisted extraction	[199]
Water insolubility, low storage stability, bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of CARs	Encapsulation of CARs	[110,117,120,207]
Low bioaccessibility and bioavailability	Mechanical processing of foods	[104]
Food waste (e.g., fruit peel) contains more CARs than edible parts, or loss of CARs in food waste	Waste valorization for recovery of CARs	[199]
High cost of microbial CAR production	Use of a biorefinery and a circular bioeconomy approach	[202,204,205,206,210]