Table 1.
Cytokine production by BV-2 cells after treatment for 2 h with Banisteriopsis caapi extract fractions F3, F4, and F5 and the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine (THH). Values significantly different from controls are shown in bold.
| Fraction µM |
IL-2 (pg/mL) |
IL-4 (pg/mL) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) |
IL-10 (pg/mL) |
IL-17A (pg/mL) |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) |
TNF (pg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Control (n = 6) |
3.84 ± 0.96 | 1.49 ± 0.51 | 1.43 ± 0.22 | 1.77 ± 0.44 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 7.59 ± 0.81 |
| F3 (n = 3, except for 1.7 and 211 µM, n = 6) | |||||||
| 1.7 | 1.16 ± 0.65 | 2.57 ± 1.19 | 0.86 ± 0.86 | 2.08 ± 1.08 | 0.19 ± 0.19 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 5.57 ± 0.82 |
| 6.6 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 3.86 ± 1.45 | 0.93 ± 0.43 | 1.24 ± 0.71 | 0.42 ± 0.42 | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 5.43 ± 1.4 |
| 13.2 | 1.46 ± 1.46 | 4.61 ± 0.39 | 1.72 ± 0.23 | 2.09 ± 1.53 | 0.49 ± 0.49 | 0.58 ± 0.15 | 5.22 ± 0.21 |
| 26.4 | 5.01 ± 1.67 | 3.81 ± 0.53 | 0.81 ± 0.17 | 3.06 ± 1.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 6.56 ± 0.82 |
| 52.8 | 1.37 ± 1.37 | 2.93 ± 1.54 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 1.70 ± 1.27 | 0.29 ± 0.29 | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 6.85 ± 0.44 |
| 106 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.95 ± 1.26 | 0.58 ± 0.29 | 0.39 ± 0.39 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 5.53 ± 2.16 |
| 211 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 1.32 ± 0.87 | 0.39 ± 0.12 * | 0.19 ± 0.19 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 5.34 ± 0.84 |
| F4 (n = 3, except for 1.7 µM, n = 6) | |||||||
| 2.7 | 2.93 ± 1.11 | 2.15 ± 1.1 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.57 | 0.54 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.09 | 6.83 ± 0.73 |
| 10.7 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.66 ± 1.5 | 0.60 ± 0.3 * | 1.44 ± 0.81 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.25 * | 4.24 ± |
| 21.4 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.60 | 0.00 ± 0.00 *** | 0.43 ± 0.43 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.08 ** | 4.42 ± 0.84 |
| 42.8 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.04 ± 1.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 *** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.03 ± 0.03 *** | 2.01 ± 1.08 ** |
| 85.6 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.70 ± 1.64 | 0.25 ± 0.25 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.32 ± 0.32 | 0.15 ± 0.15 ** | 2.68 ± 1.36 * |
| 171 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 3.96 ± 0.91 | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 1.16 ± 0.35 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 6.80 ± 1.01 |
| 342 | 0.30 ± 0.30 | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.11 ** | 0.14 ± 0.14 * | 0.00 ± 0.00 ± | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 4.04 ± 0.22 |
| F5 (n = 3, except for 2.5 µM, n = 5) | |||||||
| 2.5 | 2.43 ± 1.02 | 1.93 ± 0.97 | 0.54 ± 0.15 | 1.27 ± 1.21 | 0.09 ± 0.09 ** | 0.57 ± 0.09 | 5.67 ± 0.48 |
| 9.8 | 0.95 ± 0.95 | 3.44 ± 1.08 | 0.88 ± 0.61 | 1.32 ± 0.42 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.67 ± 0.14 | 8.47 ± 2.51 |
| 19.6 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 2.28 ± 1.32 | 0.49 ± 0.12 | 0.46 ± 0.46 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 3.99 ± 0.21 |
| 39.2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 1.95 ± 0.2 | 0.09 ± 0.09 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00** | 0.16 ± 0.10 ** | 1.81 ± 0.14 ** |
| 78.4 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.68 ± 0.68 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.16 ± 0.16 ** | 1.80 ± 1.13 ** |
| 157 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 *** | 0.35 ± 0.35 *** |
| 314 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 *** | 0.01 ± 0.01 *** |
| Harmine (n = 6, except for 18.9 µM, n = 5) | |||||||
| 2.4 | 1.23 ± 0.85 | 2.69 ± 0.64 | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 0.84 ± 0.34 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 5.77 ± 0.61 |
| 9.4 | 1.84 ± 0.87 | 1.91 ± 0.90 | 0.86 ± 0.31 | 1.18 ± 0.62 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 5.15 ± 0.95 |
| 18.9 | 0.29 ± 0.29 * | 2.35 ± 0.97 | 0.72 ± 0.21 | 0.44 ± 0.23 | 0.11 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.10 | 4.25 ± 0.51 * |
| 37.7 | 2.33 ± 0.76 | 2.51 ± 1.35 | 1.39 ± 0.27 | 1.66 ± 0.51 | 0.51 ± 0.30 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 4.04 ± 0.61 * |
| 75.5 | 0.20 ± 0.2 * | 1.38 ± 0.76 | 0.63 ± 0.17 | 1.25 ± 0.75 | 0.30 ± 0.13 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 3.77 ± 0.61 ** |
| Harmaline (n = 3, except for 18.7 µM, n = 6) | |||||||
| 2.4 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 1.32 ± 1.32 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 0.59 ± 0.59 | 0.26 ± 0.26 | 0.31 ± 0.31 | 3.12 ± 3.12 |
| 9.3 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 1.57 ± 1.23 | 0.51 ± 0.43 | 0.73 ± 0.73 | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.33 | 2.91 ± 1.89 |
| 18.7 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.31 | 0.12 ± 0.12 * | 0.02 ± 0.02 * | 0.20 ± 0.12 * | 1.29 ± 0.74 ** |
| 37.4 | 0.00 ± 0.00** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | 0.15 ± 0.15 ** |
| 74.8 | 0.00 ± 0.00** | 0.00± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** |
| THH (n = 3) | |||||||
| 2.3 | 4.25 ± 2.25 | 6.14 ± 0.47 ** | 1.52 ± 0.37 | 3.16 ± 1.10 | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 6.68 ± 0.38 |
| 9.3 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 4.32 ± 1.43 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 1.01 ± 1.01 | 0.39 ± 0.39 | 0.31 ± 0.17 ** | 2.58 ± 1.12 ** |
| 18.5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.17 ± 0.17 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.08 *** | 0.85 ± 0.85 *** |
| 37.0 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.45 ± 1.45 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 *** | 0.72 ± 0.68 *** |
| 74.1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 ** | 0.00± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 *** | 0.78 ± 0.78 *** |
Values are presented as mean ± SEM; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared to cells with no treatment (control).