Skip to main content
. 2022 Apr 3;10(4):844. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10040844

Table 2.

Summary of clinical studies on surface-modified membranes for hemodialysis.

Membrane Surface Modification Main Findings Refs.
Asymmetric triacetate (ATA) Smoother surface of parent polymer symmetric cellulose triacetate

  • Low protein adsorption

  • Low tendency to activate the coagulation cascade with reduced anticoagulation during HD

 Cross-over study [46]
Cross-over studies [47,50]
Randomized cross-over studies [49,51]
Polymethylmethacrylate NF Reduction in negative charges of parent polymer polymethylmethacrylate

  • Stability of platelet count during HD

 Cross-over study [54]
Randomized study [55]
Hydrolink NV Application of a hydrophilic polymer onto the inner surface of PSF material

  • Low platelet activation and adhesion to membrane

  • Reduced platelet-derived microparticles

  • Anti-thrombogenic effects

  • Improved intradialytic hemodynamic status in diabetics

  • May improve ESA resistance

 Prospective sequential study [59]
Randomized study [60]
Randomized study [63]
Stratified-randomized study [65]
Randomized study [72]
Retrospective study [73]
Surface modifying molecule-modified membrane Incorporation of surface modifying molecule 1 into PSF dialyzer fibers

  • Safety; good removal of beta2-microglobulin

 Prospective sequential study [75]
Heparin-coated membrane Binding of heparin on the blood side of polyacrylonitrile sodium methallylsulfonate copolymer coated with polyethyleneimine before heparin grafting

  • Lower risk of bleeding but need for systemic anticoagulation not eliminated

  • May reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines

 Observational studies [81,82]
Randomized controlled studies [83,84,87]
Randomized cross-over studies [85,86]
Randomized controlled study [90]
Vitamin E-coated membrane Coating with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) on the blood surface of membrane

  • Decreased oxidative stress

  • May have an anti-inflammatory effect

  • Improvement of HD inflammaging

  • May improve anemia

  • Not inferior in anti-coagulation to heparin-coated membrane

 Meta-analysis [103]
Meta-analysis [103]
Randomized controlled cross-over study [110]
Meta-analysis [103]
Randomized controlled study [114]
Randomized cross-over study [85]

HD—hemodialysis; PSF—polysulfone; ESA—erythropoiesis stimulating agent.