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. 2022 Apr 8;19(8):4522. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084522

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Paired Cumming estimation plots of upper- and lower-limb strength. (A) HGS, handgrip strength; ACT, 1 RM-Arm Curl test; RM, 1RM-Row machine, and VCP, 1 RM-vertical chest press (B) LE, 1 RM-Leg extension; HLP-M, 1 RM-Horizontal leg press-Monopodal; Squat; CST, and Chair stand test. TT, traditional training; UT, undulating training. Both groups are plotted on the left axes; the mean difference is plotted on a floating axis on the right as a bootstrap sampling distribution. The mean difference is depicted as a dot; the 95% confidence interval is indicated by the ends of the vertical error bar [28].