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. 2022 Apr 10;23(8):4182. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084182

Figure 1.

Figure 1

BPA effects on pancreatic β-cells. (A) Viability of MIN6 cells treated for 24 h with different BPA concentrations (100 pM–10 μM) as evaluated by RZ, NRU and CFDA-AM assays. n = five independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. (B) mRNA expression of Ins, Pdx1, Hnf4α, MafA, Kir6.2, Sur1, Glut2, and Gck in MIN6 cells treated for 24 h with different BPA concentrations (100 pM–10 μM). n = three independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. (C) Effects of BPA (100 pM–10 μM) on GSIS in MIN6 cells treated for 24 h. n = six independent experiments. * vs. Control 16.7 mM G; two-way ANOVA. $ vs. Control 1.67 mM G and + vs. Control 16.7 mM G; Kruskal-Wallis. (D) MIN6 insulin content after 24 h BPA treatment. n = six independent experiments. * vs. Control; Kruskal-Wallis. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. (E) Viability of EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 72 h with different BPA concentrations (1 nM–1 μM) as evaluated by RZ, NRU and CFDA-AM assays. n = four independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. (F) mRNA expression of INS, PDX1, HNF4α, MAFA, MAFB, KIR6.2, SUR1, SNAP25, GLUT1, and GCK in EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 72 h with different BPA concentrations (1 nM–100 nM). n = three independent experiments. * vs. Control; Kruskal-Wallis. (G) Upper panel, representative recordings of K+ currents in response to depolarizing voltage pulses in Control or BPA (1 nM–100 nM) EndoC-βH1 treated-cells for 72 h. Lower panel, relationship between K+ current density and the voltage of the pulses. Control (n = 12) and BPA (n = 12 per condition) cells. * Control vs. 1 nM BPA and # Control vs. 100 nM BPA; two-way ANOVA. (H) Upper panel, representative recordings of Ca2+ currents in response to depolarizing voltage pulses in Control or BPA (1 nM–100 nM) EndoC-βH1 treated-cells for 72 h. Lower panel, relationship between Ca2+ current density and the voltage of the pulses. Control (n = 11) and BPA (n = 10 per condition) cells. * Control vs. 10 nM BPA and # Control vs. 100 nM BPA; two-way ANOVA. (I) Effects of BPA (1 nM–1 μM) on GSIS in EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 72 h. Left panel: GSIS in response to low glucose (2.8 mM G) and high glucose (20 mM G). Right panel is an inset graph that shows insulin release in response to 20 mM G. n = five independent experiments. * vs. Control 20 mM G; two-way ANOVA. $ vs. Control 2.8 mM G and + vs. Control 20 mM G; one-way ANOVA. (J) EndoC-βH1 insulin content after 72 h BPA treatment. n = five independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Significance * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001; # p < 0.05, ### p < 0.001, and #### p < 0.0001; $ p < 0.05, and $$ p < 0.01; + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, and ++++ p < 0.0001.