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. 2022 Apr 10;23(8):4182. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084182

Figure 6.

Figure 6

DDE effects on pancreatic β-cells. (A) Viability of MIN6 cells treated for 24 h with different DDE concentrations (100 pM–10 μM) as evaluated by RZ, NRU and CFDA-AM assays. n = six-seven independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. (B) mRNA expression of Ins, Pdx1, Hnf4α, MafA, Kir6.2, Sur1, Glut2, and Gck in MIN6 cells treated for 24 h with different DDE concentrations (100 pM–10 μM). n = three independent experiments. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. (C) Effects of DDE (100 pM–10 μM) on GSIS in MIN6 cells treated for 24 h. n = four independent experiments. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. (D) MIN6 insulin content after 24 h DDE treatment. n = three independent experiments. # vs. Control; Student’s t-test. (E) Viability of EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 7 d with different DDE concentrations (1 nM–1 μM) as evaluated by RZ, NRU and CFDA-AM assays. n = eight independent experiments. * vs. Control; one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. (F) mRNA expression of INS, PDX1, HNF4α, MAFA, MAFB, KIR6.2, SUR1, SNAP25, GLUT1, and GCK in EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 7 d with different DDE concentrations (1 nM–100 nM). n = four independent experiments. (G) Upper panel, representative recordings of K+ currents in response to depolarizing voltage pulses in Control or DDE (1 nM–100 nM) EndoC-βH1 treated-cells for 7 d. Lower panel, relationship between K+ current density and the voltage of the pulses. Control (n = 9) and DDE (n = 10 per condition) cells. (H) Upper panel, representative recordings of Ca2+ currents in response to depolarizing voltage pulses in Control or DDE (1 nM–100 nM) EndoC-βH1 treated-cells for 7 d. Lower panel, relationship between Ca2+ current density and the voltage of the pulses. Control (n = 8) and DDE (n = 9–10 per condition) cells. (I) Effects of DDE (1 nM–1 μM) on GSIS in EndoC-βH1 cells treated for 7 d. Left panel: GSIS in response to low glucose (2.8 mM G) and high glucose (20 mM G). Right panel is an inset graph that shows insulin release in response to 20 mM G. n = three independent experiments. +vs. Control 20 mM G; Kruskal-Wallis. (J) EndoC-βH1 insulin content after 7 d DDE treatment. n = three independent experiments. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Significance * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001; # p < 0.05; + p < 0.05, and +++ p < 0.001.