Table 2.

Plant-based green-synthesized IONPs with anti-bacterial activity.

Plant Family/Part Used	NPs Size/Morphology	Anti-Bacterial Effect against	Ref.
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera)/ leaf and seed extracts	138–224 nm/Spherical	Escherichia coli	[2]
Trigonella foenum-graecum/ seed extract	11 nm/Spherical	Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus	[4]
Papaver somniferum; Papaveraceae/-	38 ± 13 nm/Elliptical or Spherical	less activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[7]
Glycosmis mauritiana; Rutaceae/Leaves	≤100 nm = 58–79 nm/Spherical	Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staph. aureus and Vibrio fluvialis	[8]
Lemon; Citrus/leaves	15–80 nm/Spherical	B. subtilis (Gram-positive) as compared to K. pneumoniae (Gram-negative)	[9]
Rhamnella gilgitica/leaves extract	21 nm/-	B. subtilis and E. coli and least effective against P. aeruginosa.	[10]
Composite of Psidium guavaja; Moringa oleifera/leaf	40–90 nm/Crystallite	E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus Shigella	[11]
Sida cordifolia/ methanolic extract	20 nm/Spherical nano clusters	E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, and S. aureus.	[12]
corn of Z. mays L	-/Spherical	applications of IONPs with antibiotics exert synergistic effect, enabling antibiotics dose reduction, hence, decreased resistant bacteria or mammalian cell toxicity	[13]
Coriandrum sativum/leaf	20–90 nm/Spherical	Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus	[14]
Leucas aspera; Lamiaceae/Leaves	20 nm/ Irregular rhombic	Gram-negative; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholera and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa.	[16]
Skimmia laureola/leaf extract	34 ± 0.37 nm/-	Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro and in planta	[18]
Rheum emodi/Roots	~12 nm/Spherical	Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) & Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive)	[19]
Fenugreek/seed extract	38–20 nm/Spherical	ineffective against S. aureus and E. coli	[20]
Withania coagulans/Berries	15–20 nm/Nanorods	S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa	[23]
Couroupita guianensis; Lecythidaceae/fruit extract	17 nm/Spherical	Gram-negative E. coli MTCC2939, S. typhi MTCC3917 and K. penumoniae MTCC 530 than Gram-positive S. aureus MTCC 96	[24]
Ulva flexuosa (wulfen); J.Agardh/aqueous extract.	12.3 nm/Cubo-spherical	strong antibacterial activity	[25]
Laurus nobilis L./leaf extract	8.03 ± 8.99 nm/Crystalline, spherical-like	Listeria monocytogenes (Gram-positive)	[27]
Aloe vera/ leaf extract	8.26 nm/Cubical, Rhomboidal, Spherical	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[28]
A. haussknechtii/aqueous leaf extract	120–130 nm/Dendrimer	showed a bacteriostatic property at low concentration	[29]
Terminalia bellirica; Moringa oleifera/fruit and leaves	21.32–45 nm/Spherical	E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa	[31]
Green seaweeds, U. prolifera, U. flexuosa, U. linza, U. intestinalis, U. clathrate, one brown seaweed, S. boveanum	10.05 ± 1.2 nm/Cubo-spherical crystalline	Gram-positive bacteria, except for five relatively resistant bacterial strains: P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and to some extent, E. faecalis.	[30]
Rhus punjabensis/extract	41.5 ± 5 nm/Rhombohedral crystal	antileishmanial and antibacterial activity	[32]
Lactobacillus casei/cytoplasmic extract	15 nm/Spherical	Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	[33]
Punica granatum/peel extract	-/Amorphous particles	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[34]
Lagenaria siceraria/leaves	30–100 nm/Cube	Gram-negative; Escherichia coli, Gram-positive; Staphylococcus	[35]
Passiflora foetida/aqueous extract	10 to 16 nm/Spherical	Gram-negative; Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli	[36]
Argemone mexicana/leaf extract	10–30 nm/Spherical	Gram-positive; E. coli MTCC 443, P. mirabilis MTCC 425 and Gram-negative B. subtilis MTCC 441	[37]
Acorus calamus/rhizome	20–30 nm/Spherical clusters	P. aeruginosa	[38]