Metal/loid accumulation. (a) Arsenic, (b) cadmium, (c) copper, and (d) zinc accumulation in roots of M. sativa after 60 days in pots with nutrient-poor soils as a substrate under greenhouse conditions. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 16). Different letters indicate means that are significantly different from each other (one-way ANOVA; LSD test, p < 0.0001). C–: non inoculation; MA11: inoculation with E. medicae MA11; Vg: inoculation with V. gossypii JM-310T; Vp: inoculation with V. paradoxus S110T; Vg + MA11: co-inoculation with V. gossypii JM-310T and E. medicae MA11; Vp + MA11: co-inoculation with V. paradoxus S110T and E. medicae MA11; CSV: inoculation with V. gossypii JM-310T, V. paradoxus S110T, and E. medicae MA11.