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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2020 Nov 28;160(2):556–572. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.056

Table 4.

Uncertainties in Microbial Changes in Human Studies

Uncertainty
Variations between studies with respect to depth of coverage, diet, ethnicity, sex, and etiology
Determination of whether microbiota cause or are a consequence of liver disease
Microbial function and metabolites need to be elucidated
Nonbacterial constituents: viruses, fungi, protists
Cost–benefit analysis and clinical translation