Figure 2.
Effect of GTS-21 on the activities of MAPKs, Akt, AMPK, and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. (A–C) Cell lysates from BV2 cells treated with LPS for 30 min in the presence or absence of GTS-21 were prepared, and western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effect of GTS-21 on MAPKs. (A), Akt (B), and AMPK (C) activity (n = 3–5 per group). The bottom panels show the quantification data. Phosphorylated MAPKs, Akt, and AMPK levels were adjusted to total forms and expressed as fold changes compared to untreated control samples. (D) Nuclear extracts from BV2 cells treated with GTS-21 in the presence of LPS for 1 h were used for EMSA for NF-κB. ‘F’ stands for free probe. (E) Analysis of the [κB]3-luc reporter gene activity after transient transfection (n = 5). The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, vs. control group; ** p < 0.01, vs. control group; ## p < 0.01 vs. LPS-treated group.