Table 2.
Biological profile comparison between heart failure patients stratified by SARS-CoV-2 infection status.
| Variables * | Normal Range | COVID-19 (n = 124) |
% Outside Normality | No COVID-19 (n = 236) |
% Outside Normality | p-Value ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complete blood count | ||||||
| RBC (millions/mm3) | 4.35–5.65 | 3.46^ (1.6) | 61.3% | 3.52^ (1.4) | 60.2% | 0.836 |
| PLT (thousands/mm3) | 150–450 | 98^ (109) | 62.1% | 103^ (98) | 54.2% | 0.152 |
| WBC (thousands/mm3) | 4.5–11.0 | 13.1^ (7.5) | 48.4% | 4.7 (2.9) | 20.3.% | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils (thousands/mm3) | 1.5–8.0 | 7.4 (4.3) | 24.2% | 4.9 (3.6) | 10.6% | <0.001 |
| Monocytes (thousands/mm3) | 0.1–1.0 | 0.3 (0.4) | 7.3% | 0.6 (0.3) | 9.3% | 0.794 |
| Eosinophils (units/mm3) | 30–300 | 166 (91) | 3.2% | 163 (101) | 5.1% | 0.720 |
| Lymphocytes (thousands/mm3) | 1.0–4.8 | 7.0^ (6.3) | 65.3% | 2.6 (3.2) | 36.9% | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.0–17.0 | 12.4^ (4.3) | 52.4% | 12.9^ (5.1) | 45.8% | 0.318 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36–48 | 39 (10) | 18.5% | 40 (12) | 16.5% | 0.916 |
| MCV (fL) | 80–96 | 87 (92) | 30.6% | 88 (89) | 34.3% | 0.644 |
| Liver function tests | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 60–125 | 144^ (89) | 72.6% | 129^ (82) | 63.9% | 0.029 |
| ALT (U/L) | 7–35 | 59^ (44) | 69.4% | 45^ (37) | 55.9% | 0.038 |
| AST (U/L) | 10–40 | 42^ (32) | 29.8% | 36 (31) | 18.2% | 0.033 |
| ALP (U/L) | 40–130 | 104 (86) | 23.4% | 98 (78) | 19.5% | 0.482 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.4–5.4 | 3.7 (1.2) | 14.5% | 3.8 (1.3) | 13.9% | 0.663 |
| Total proteins (g/dL) | 6.0–8.3 | 6.3 (3.4) | 16.9% | 6.3 (2.6) | 16.1% | 0.908 |
| Total bilirubin (g/dL) | 0.3–1.2 | 1.3^ (0.9) | 32.2% | 1.1 (0.7) | 22.4% | 0.062 |
| GGT (U/L) | 0–30 | 28 (19) | 23.4% | 26 (16) | 21.6% | 0.154 |
| LDH (U/L) | 140–280 | 241 (135) | 16.9% | 233 (129) | 16.1% | 0.891 |
| PT (seconds) | 11.0–13.5 | 14.4^ (7.6) | 41.1% | 11.3 (4.5) | 23.6% | <0.001 |
| APTT (seconds) | 30–40 | 39 (11) | 21.8% | 37 (9) | 17.4% | 0.128 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||
| Procalcitonin (ug/L) | 0–0.5 ug/L | 0.7^ (0.4) | 28.2% | 0.5^ (0.3) | 25.0% | 0.194 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0–10 mg/L | 53^ (29) | 71.8% | 13^ (8) | 23.3% | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0–16 pg/mL | 48^ (21) | 62.9% | 15 (7) | 16.5% | <0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0–29 pg/mL | 43^ (17) | 53.2% | 22 (10) | 15.7% | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 0–3 pg/mL | 3.3^ (1.5) | 22.6% | 2.8^ (1.3) | 17.4% | 0.494 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 0–22 mm/hr | 66^ (28) | 68.5% | 25^ (13) | 27.1% | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2–4 g/L | 6.1^ (2.9) | 32.2% | 4.1^ (1.1) | 19.9% | 0.003 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | <250 | 348^ (192) | 61.3% | 244 (97) | 19.1% | <0.001 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | <100 | 398^ (206) | 77.5% | 262^ (146) | 52.9% | <0.001 |
| CK-MB (U/L) | 5–25 | 33^ (14) | 33.9% | 26^ (8) | 22.0% | 0.015 |
| LDH (U/L) | 140–280 | 301^ (144) | 38.7% | 233 (129) | 18.6% | <0.001 |
| Myoglobin (nmol/L) | 1.2–3.6 | 3.9^ (2.5) | 25.0% | 3.5 (1.6) | 15.3% | 0.023 |
| Troponin I (ng/mL) | 0–0.4 | 0.5^ (0.3) | 16.3% | 0.3^ (0.2) | 11.4% | 0.040 |
| Troponin T (ng/mL) | <14 | 16^ (12) | 30.6% | 12 (8) | 20.8% | 0.037 |
| Kidney function tests | ||||||
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 0.74–1.35 | 1.66^ (1.69) | 63.7% | 1.39^ (1.51) | 52.5% | 0.002 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 2.1–8.5 | 17^ (12) | 71.8% | 11^ (9) | 61.0% | 0.009 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/g) | 0–30 | 43^ (14) | 62.9% | 40^ (11) | 58.8% | 0.516 |
| eGFR | >60 | 44^ (30) | 69.4% | 55^ (24) | 54.7% | 0.045 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100–200 | 233^ (65.8) | 38.7% | 226^ (58.6) | 35.6% | 0.292 |
| Triglycerides | 50–150 | 163^ (49.7) | 27.4% | 152^ (42.4) | 22.0% | 0.326 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | <100 | 109.2^ (46.8) | 22.6% | 106.1^ (43.1) | 21.6% | 0.694 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40–60 | 33.0^ (16.1) | 25.0% | 36.4^ (15.4) | 23.3% | 0.657 |
* Data reported as median (IQR) unless specified differently; ** Mann–Whitney U-test; ^ median value outside the normal range; WBC—White Blood Cells; RBC—Red Blood Cells; AST—Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT—Alanine Aminotransferase; ALP—Alkaline Phosphatase; eGFR—Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; LDH—Lactate Dehydrogenase; GGT—Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase; BUN—Blood Urea Nitrogen; PT—Prothrombin Time; APTT—Activated Partial Thromboplastin clotting Time; LDL—Low-Density Lipoproteins; HDL—High-Density Lipoproteins; CRP—C-reactive Protein; IL—Interleukin; TNF—Tumor Necrosis Factor; IFN—Interferon; ESR—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; BNP—Brain Natriuretic Peptide; CK-MB—Creatine Kinase—Myoglobin Binding.