Table 2.

Animal studies on the effect of Thymoquinone on PD.

Disease	Animal Model	Treatment	Tissue Sample	Result	References
PD	PD mouse model.	TQ (10 mg/kg was given for 1 week before administration of MPTP (25 mg/kg).	Striatal region	Inhibition effect against α-synuclein aggregation and cellular death.	[3]
PD	Primary dopaminergic cell culture neurons.	dopaminergic neurons tissue was received TQ (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM) on day 6 i.v. for 6 days.	NA	Protective effects against MPP+ and rotenone.	[56]
PD	Embryonic mouse mesencephala at gestation day 14.	Four groups: group 1 control group, group 2 received TQ on the 8th day for 4 days, group 3: received 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) on the 10th for 48 h, group 4:co-treated with TQ and MPP+.	NA	Protective effects on the dopaminergic neurons and inhibition of their apoptosis.	[61]
PD	6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats.	Oral TQ at different doses of 5 and/or 10 mg/kg administered 3 times daily for 1 week.	Substantia nigra pars compacta and midbrain	Protective effect against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity.	[62]
PD	Male Wistar rats (8–10 months) received rotenone.	TQ (7.5 and 15 mg/kg/day, po) given as pretreatment for one hour before administration of rotenone injection.	Substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST)	Protection and antioxidant effects against rotenone.	[63]
PD	Adult Wistar rats of either sex, CPZ dosing for 21 days to induce Parkinson’s.	Extracts of Nigella sativa at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses were given orally.	Whole-brain	Increased anti-Parkinson’s activity	[64]