Table 1.
Plant /algal lectins with antiviral activities.
| Plant/algae Latin name | Family | Plant part | subunit / Mr | Specificity | Virus inhibited | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grateloupia chiangii | Halymeniaceae | Whole | Monomer/25 kDa | Mannose | Influenza virus, HIV type 1, and herpes | (Hwang et al. 2020) |
| Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. | Pandanaceae | Leaf | Monomer/8kDa | Mannose | Herpes simplex virus type-1, influenza virus, N1H1 | (Ooi et al. 2004) |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Fabaceae | Seed | Homodimer/30 kDa | Complex | HIV-1 | (Sharma et al. 2009) |
| Capparis spinosa L. | Capparaceae | Seed | Homodimer/ 31 kDa | Raffinose, lactose, rhamnose and galactose |
HIV-1 | (Lam et al. 2009) |
| Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet | Fabaceae | Seed | Pentamer (varying associations) /67 kDa | glucose/mannose | Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 | (Liu et al., 2020, Mo et al., 1999) |
| Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | Asparagales | Rhizome | Homotetramer/12 kDa | mannose | Herpes Simplex Virus | (Yang et al. 2011) |
| Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. | Ranunculaceae | Stem | Homodimer/12 kDa | Complex of mannose units glycans | HIV, HIV-1, HIV-2, Influenza A H1N1, Influenza A H3N2, Influenza B, Para-influenza-3 and virus reovirus-1 | (Peng et al. 2009) |
|
Myrianthus holstii Engl. |
Urticaceae | Stem, Root | Monomer/9kDa | N-acetylglucosamine | HIV-1RF | (Charan et al. 2000) |
| Musa acuminata Colla * | Musaceae | Fruit | Homodimer/13 kDa | MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 including variants Alpha and Beta | (David et al., 2022, Koshte et al., 1990) | |
| Lens culinaris Medik. | Fabaceae | Seed | Heterodimer/17 & 4 kDa | oligomannose-type glycans and GlcNAc | SARS-COV-2 variants | (Chan et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2021) |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Pooideae | Seed | Monomer/23 kDa | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine | SARS-CoV-2 including variants Alpha and Beta | (Auth et al., 2021, LeVine et al., 1972) |
| Maackia amurensis Rupr. | Fabaceae | Seed | Heterodimer/32 & 37 kDa | Sialic acid | SARS-CoV-2 | (Sheehan et al., 2020, Van Damme et al., 1997) |
| Urtica dioica | Urticaceae | Rhizomes | Monomer /8.5 KDa | N-acetylglucosamine | HIV-1 | (Gordts et al. 2015) |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Solanaceae | Leaf | Monomer/19 KDa | N-acetylglucosamine | HIV-1 | (Gordts et al. 2015) |
| Galanthus nivalis | Amaryllidaceae | Bulb | Tetramer (13 KDa/monomer) | Mannose-specififc | HIV-1, HIV-2 | (Balzarini et al. 2004) |
| Hippeastrum hybrid | Amaryllidaceae | Bulb | Homomtetramer /14 KDa/monomer | Mannose-specific | HIV-1, HIV-2 | (Balzarini et al. 2004) |
| Tamaridus insica | Fabaceae | seed | Monomer /34 kDa | N-acetyl glucosamine | Chikungunya virus | (Kaur et al. 2019) |
*
Genetically engineered lectin with preserved antiviral activity however with a reduced mitogenic capacity (Swanson et al. 2010).