Table 1.
The demographic characteristics of the subjects according to masticatory difficulty
| Masticatory difficulty | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total N | No | Yes | P value | ||
| N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | |||
| Male | ||||||
| Age† (years) (Mean ± SE) | 5531 | 3062 (55.7%) | 63.0 ± 0.2 | 2469 (44.3%) | 64.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001** |
| BMI† (kg/m2) (Mean ± SE) | 5502 | 3048 (56.4%) | 23.9 ± 0.7 | 2454 (43.6%) | 23.3 ± 0.7 | < 0.001** |
| Household income | 5320 | < 0.001** | ||||
| < 25% | 744 | 24.7 (22.8–26.6) | 855 | 35.3 (32.8–37.9) | ||
| 25–49% | 773 | 26.5 (24.6–28.5) | 621 | 27.0 (24.8–29.3) | ||
| 50–74% | 651 | 21.9 (20.2–23.7) | 474 | 19.6 (17.7–21.6) | ||
| ≥ 75% | 778 | 26.9 (24.8–29.2) | 424 | 18.1 (16.2–20.2) | ||
| Education | 5656 | < 0.001** | ||||
| ≤ primary school | 914 | 31.0 (28.8–33.3) | 1041 | 42.9 (40.3–45.5) | ||
| Middle school | 586 | 19.6 (17.9–21.4) | 500 | 20.4 (18.6–22.3) | ||
| High school | 838 | 28.6 (26.6–30.7) | 557 | 24.2 (22.1–26.3) | ||
| ≥ College or higher | 929 | 20.8 (18.8–23.1) | 291 | 12.6 (10.8–14.5) | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 2549 | 0.265 | ||||
| Yes | 270 | 18.0 (15.7–20.4) | 196 | 16.1 (13.8–18.7) | ||
| No | 1162 | 82.0 (79.6–84.3) | 921 | 83.9 (81.3–86.2) | ||
| Smoking status | 5368 | < 0.001** | ||||
| Never of former | 63 | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 177 | 7.5 (6.3–8.9) | ||
| ≤ 5 packs | 2353 | 78.6 (76.7–80.3) | 2215 | 92.4 (91.0–93.5) | ||
| ≥ 5 packs | 554 | 19.1 (17.4–20.9) | 3 | 0.1 (0–0.4) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 5366 | 0.183 | ||||
| None or light | 256 | 9.1 (8.0–10.4) | 177 | 7.5 (6.3–8.9) | ||
| Moderate or heavy | 2718 | 90.7 (89.4–91.9) | 2215 | 92.4 (91.0–93.5) | ||
| High intensity physical activity | 5471 | 0.131 | ||||
| Yes | 522 | 18.7 (16.9–20.5) | 378 | 16.6 (14.7–18.7) | ||
| No | 2510 | 81.3 (79.5–83.1) | 2061 | 83.4 (81.3–85.9) | ||
| Moderate intensity physical activity | 5471 | 0.802 | ||||
| Yes | 392 | 12.4 (10.9–14.1) | 307 | 12.1 (10.7–13.8) | ||
| No | 2641 | 87.6 (85.9–89.1) | 2131 | 87.9 (86.2–89.3) | ||
| Female | ||||||
| Age† (years) (Mean ± SE) | 7436 | 4051 (54.4%) | 62.5 ± 0.2 | 3385 (45.6%) | 66.1 ± 0.2 | < 0.001** |
| BMI† (kg/m2) (Mean ± SE) | 7405 | 4037 (54.4%) | 24.2 ± 0.6 | 3368 (45.6%) | 24.2 ± 0.1 | 0.556 |
| Household income | 7084 | < 0.001** | ||||
| < 25% | 1193 | 29.9 (27.9–32.0) | 1457 | 45.7 (43.2–48.3) | ||
| 25–49% | 988 | 25.5 (23.7–27.3) | 816 | 24.8 (22.9–26.8) | ||
| 50–74% | 798 | 20.3 (18.7–21.9) | 526 | 16.5 (14.8–18.3) | ||
| ≥ 75% | 899 | 24.4 (22.2–26.7) | 407 | 13.0 (11.4–14.8) | ||
| Education | 7143 | < 0.001** | ||||
| ≤ primary school | 2236 | 56.8 (54.4–59.3) | 2463 | 76.4 (74.2–78.5) | ||
| Middle school | 629 | 16.2 (14.8–17.7) | 379 | 11.9 (10.5–13.5) | ||
| High school | 772 | 20.1 (18.4–21.9) | 322 | 9.4 (8.1–10.9) | ||
| ≥ College or higher | 264 | 6.9 (5.6–8.5) | 78 | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) | ||
| Menopause | 5337 | < 0.001** | ||||
| Yes | 1090 | 41.4 (39.1–43.8) | 661 | 30.2 (27.8–32.7) | ||
| No | 1712 | 58.6 (56.2–60.9) | 1874 | 69.8 (67.3–72.2) | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 3365 | 0.029* | ||||
| Yes | 319 | 15.9 (14.0–18.1) | 289 | 19.6 (17.1–22.3) | ||
| No | 1549 | 84.1 (81.9–86.0) | 1208 | 80.4 (77.7–82.9) | ||
| Smoking status | 7150 | < 0.001** | ||||
| Never of former | 3625 | 92.6 (91.3–93.5) | 2900 | 88.8 (87.0–91.1) | ||
| ≤ 5 packs | 29 | 0.8 (0.4–1.0) | 35 | 1.3 (0.7–1.8) | ||
| ≥ 5 packs | 243 | 6.6 (54.4–7.6) | 318 | 9.9 (8.5–11.3) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 7157 | < 0.001** | ||||
| None or light | 1295 | 33.1 (31.3–35.0) | 1243 | 39.6 (37.2–42.0) | ||
| Moderate or heavy | 2609 | 66.6 (64.7–68.5) | 2010 | 60.0 (57.6–62.4) | ||
| High intensity physical activity | 0.486 | |||||
| Yes | 7347 | 446 | 11.6 (10.4–13.0) | 378 | 11.0 (9.7–12.5) | |
| No | 3556 | 88.4 (87.0–89.6) | 2967 | 89.0 (87.5–90.3) | ||
| Moderate intensity physical activity | 0.853 | |||||
| Yes | 7347 | 503 | 12.4 (11.2–13.8) | 479 | 12.6 (11.2–14.1) | |
| No | 3500 | 87.6 (86.2–88.8) | 2865 | 87.4 (85.9–88.8) | ||
CI, confidential interval; SE, standard error
%: Weighted percentage by column
Data obtained from Rao-Scott chi-square test
†Data obtained from independent T-test and descriptive values are shown as mean ± SE
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001 by Rao-Scott Chi-Square test or independent T-test