Table 3.
Adjusted association between masticatory difficulty and bone mineral density
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | ||||
| Total hip aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 2.781 (1.511–5.117) | 1.177 (0.548–2.528) | 1.186 (0.374–3.762) | 0.419 (0.170–1.030) |
| B ± SE | 1.023 ± 0.310 | 0.163 ± 0.389 | 0.171 ± 0.587 | − 0.871 ± 0.458 |
| P value | < 0.001** | 0.675 | 0.771 | 0.058 |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.058 | 0.164 |
| Femoral neck aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 3.259 (1.711–6.205) | 1.410 (0.651–3.054) | 1.024 (0.356–4.072) | 0.554 (0.223–1.376) |
| B ± SE | 1.181 ± 0.327 | 0.344 ± 0.393 | 0.186 ± 0.619 | − 0.591 ± 0.463 |
| P value | < 0.001** | 0.382 | 0.764 | 0.202 |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.058 | 0.163 |
| Lumbar spine aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 1.727 (1.022–2.918) | 1.189 (0.666–2.122) | 1.096 (0.474–2.535) | 0.651 (0.301–1.409) |
| B ± SE | 0.546 ± 0.267 | 0.173 ± 0.294 | 0.092 ± 0.426 | − 0.430 ± 0.393 |
| P value | 0.041* | 0.557 | 0.829 | 0.275 |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.057 | 0.159 |
| Female | ||||
| Total hip aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 15.9 (8.1–31.4) | 2.729 (1.083–6.877) | 4.848 (1.084–21.686) | 3.788 (0.810–17.717) |
| B ± SE | 2.767 ± 0.345 | 1.004 ± 0.470 | 1.579 ± 0.762 | 1.332 ± 0.784 |
| P value | < 0.001** | 0.033* | 0.039* | 0.090 |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.038 | 0.069 | 0.085 | 0.134 |
| Femoral neck aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 29.615(13.964–62.806) | 4.808 (1.757–13.161) | 9.477 (1.883–47.698) | 6.644 (1.207–36.560) |
| B ± SE | 3.388 ± 0.382 | 1.570 ± 0.512 | 2.249 ± 0.822 | 1.727 ± 0.852 |
| P value | < 0.001** | 0.002* | 0.007* | 0.030* |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.047 | 0.071 | 0.089 | 0.137 |
| Lumbar spine aBMD | ||||
| Odd ratio (95% CI) | 7.313 (4.129–12.953) | 2.462 (1.270–4.774) | 1.923 (0.784–4.716) | 0.999 (0.374–2.666) |
| B ± SE | 1.990 ± 0.291 | 0.901 ± 0.337 | 0.654 ± 0.456 | − 0.001 ± 0.027 |
| P value | < 0.001** | 0.008* | 0.153 | 0.998 |
| R square (Nagelkereke) | 0.027 | 0.063 | 0.075 | 0.125 |
Model 1: Unadjusted
Model 2: Adjusted for age and BMI
Model 3: Adjusted for age, BMI, and general health status and behaviors including smoking, drinking, and metabolic syndrome
Model 4: Adjusted for age, BMI, general health status and behaviors, physical activity, experience of menopause for females, and socioeconomic factors, including smoking, drinking, and metabolic syndrome, levels of household income and education
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001 by multivariate logistic regression