Table 2.
Application areas of keratin biomaterials in tissue engineering.
| Tissue Engineering Area | Biocomposite Type | References |
|---|---|---|
| Nerve regeneration | Keratin hydrogels and sponges | [87,88,89,90,91,92] |
| Chitosan/keratin membranes | [93] | |
| Muscle regeneration, including cardiac ones | Keratin hydrogels | [94,95,96,97] |
| Bone and joint regeneration, including dental implantation | Keratin hydrogels | [98,99,100,101,102] |
| Keratin-polycaprolactone composites coating calcium phosphate | [103] | |
| Keratin/collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds | [104] | |
| Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose crosslinked keratin scaffold, containing hydroxyapatite | [105] | |
| Boron- and silicon-incorporated collagen/keratin cryogels | [106] | |
| Skin regeneration | Keratin materials | [107,108] |
| Keratin/polyvinylpyrrolidone scaffold | [109] | |
| Guar gum ester/keratin films | [110] |