Table 1.

Gut microbiome findings in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients.

Studies	Changes in the Gut Microbiome
Zheng et al. [97]	80 differential a OTUs were recognized and held accountable for distinguishing b MG subjects from c HCs. These 80 a OTUs mainly belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (59/80), Bacteroidetes (14/80), and Actinobacteria (3/80). In comparison with the c HCs, out of the 80 a OTUs that were recognized, 34 a OTUs belonging to the bacterial taxonomic families (Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae, and Veillonellaceae) increased in abundance, while the remaining 46 a OTUs belonging to bacterial families (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae) decreased in abundance in b MG subjects.
	Firmicutes were the dominant fecal microbes of c HCs and b MG subjects.
	The level of Clostridium (under the phyla Firmicutes) was much greater in c HCs (p < 0.001). b MG subjects had a reduced abundance of bacteria belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families from Clostridiales.
	The level of Actinobacteria was lower relative to c HCs.
	The level of Bacteroidetes was higher in b MG subjects.
Qiu et al. [106]	In c HCs, the bacteria of genera Clostridium, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus etc. were higher in abundance. Conversely, in b MG subjects, the bacteria of genera Streptococcus, Parasutterella, Escherichia, etc. were higher in abundance. The level of Clostridium (under the phyla Firmicutes) was the most depleted, with an absolute amount up to three-times less than in c HCs.
	The level of Bacteroidetes was higher in b MG subjects.
Moris et al. [119]	Firmicutes were the dominant fecal microbes of c HCs and b MG subjects.
	The level of Actinobacteria was lower relative to c HCs.
	c HCs had high populations of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum followed by Bifidobacterium adolescentis, whereas b MG subjects had high relative proportions of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium dentium.
	The level of Bacteroidetes was higher in b MG subjects.
	Higher counts (p < 0.05) of total bacteria and the Desulfovibrio- and Bacteroides-groups based on a d qPCR analysis.

^a OTU: Operational Taxonomic Unit; ^b MG: myasthenia gravis; ^c HCs: healthy controls; ^d qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction.