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Water contact angle versus time of use (bottom axis) and volume of treated water (top axis) for non-modified PVDF (nmPVDF) and PVDF modified under optimal conditions (mPVDFmax) with (a) deionised water at a liquid flow rate of 21 L h−1 and (b) anaerobic reactor effluent at a liquid flow rate of 3.5 L h−1. Data on nmPVDF with deionised water from [8]. The error bars denote the standard deviation.
