Table 3.
Prevalence of ocular manifestations in children with DS
| Ocular manifestations | n | Sample | Prevalence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Refraction | Emmetropia | 233 | 1078 | 21.61% |
| Anisometropia | 360 | 1407 | 25.59% | |
| Myopia | 534 | 2482 | 21.51% | |
| Hyperopia | 727 | 1996 | 36.42% | |
| Astigmatism | 922 | 2480 | 37.18% | |
| Mixed refractive error | 75 | 140 | 53.57%a | |
| Antimetropia | 2 | 91 | 2.19%a | |
| Amblyopia | 66 | 498 | 13.25% | |
| Low vision best eye (CF or less) | 9 | 265 | 3.40% | |
| Eye movements and ocular alignment | Nystagmus | 318 | 2041 | 15.58% |
| Strabismus | 775 | 2311 | 33.54% | |
| Esotropia | 542 | 1955 | 27.72% | |
| Intermittent esotropia | 19 | 138 | 13.77% | |
| Exotropia | 85 | 1815 | 4.68% | |
| Intermittent exotropia | 1 | 138 | 0.72% | |
| Vertical deviation | 82 | 1131 | 7.25% | |
| Abnormal head posture | 53 | 966 | 5.49% | |
| Eyelid and annexa | Ptosis | 10 | 392 | 2.55% |
| Oblique fissure | 196 | 225 | 87.11% | |
| Slanting fissures | 436 | 483 | 90.27% | |
| Epicanthus | 779 | 1005 | 77.51% | |
| Epiblepharon | 289 | 405 | 71.36% | |
| Nasolacrimal duct obstruction | 154 | 1063 | 14.49% | |
| Blepharitis | 219 | 515 | 42.52% | |
| Conjunctivitis | 4 | 60 | 6.67% | |
| Blepharoconjunctivitis | 120 | 852 | 14.08% | |
| Epiphora | 14 | 65 | 21.54% | |
| Entropion | 1 | 60 | 1.67% | |
| Chalazion | 3 | 217 | 1.38% | |
| Floppy eyelid | 33 | 182 | 18.13% | |
| Stye | 2 | 60 | 3.33% | |
| Cornea | Keratoconus | 4 | 916 | 0.44% |
| Superficial punctate keratitis | 58 | 123 | 47.15%a | |
| Corneal leukoma | 4 | 365 | 1.10% | |
| Microcornea | 1 | 157 | 0.64% | |
| Iris | Iris abnormalities | 83 | 424 | 19.58% |
| Brushfield spots | 23 | 654 | 3.52% | |
| Lens | Cataract | 191 | 1760 | 10.85% |
| Optic nerve | Glaucoma | 11 | 925 | 1.19% |
| Hypoplastic fovea | 6 | 65 | 9.23%a | |
| Supernumerary optic disk vessels | 37 | 153 | 24.18%a | |
| Optic nerve dysplasia | 2 | 90 | 2.22%a | |
| Optic disk pallor | 6 | 222 | 2.70% | |
| Tilted disc | 1 | 157 | 0.63%a | |
| Peripapillary vascular abnormalities | 13 | 222 | 5.85%a | |
| Pseudopapilledema | 2 | 77 | 2.60% | |
| Retina | Retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia | 6 | 188 | 3.19% |
| Tigroid fundus | 80 | 222 | 36.03%a | |
| Retinal detachment | 2 | 137 | 1.46% | |
| Retinal vessel abnormalities | 29 | 188 | 15.43% | |
| Retinal abnormalities | 52 | 309 | 16.83% | |
| Myelinated nerve fiber | 1 | 222 | 0.45%a | |
| Retinoblastoma | 1 | 60 | 1.66%a | |
| Myopic chorioretinitis | 1 | 157 | 0.63%a | |
| Retinal vessel tortuosity | 1 | 157 | 0.63%a | |
| Preretinal hemorrhage | 1 | 157 | 0.63%a | |
| Uvea | Uveitis | 1 | 60 | 1.66%a |
| Chorioretinal coloboma | 1 | 77 | 1.29%a | |
| Other | Microphthalmos | 1 | 157 | 0.63%a |
aCalculation made on the results of a single study that reports this manifestation