Table 1.

Biological activities of fucoxanthin—studies of 2020–2021. The notation “p“ means the fucoxanthin was purchased and not directly purified from algae within the study.

Property	Source of Fucoxanthin	Target	Reference
Anti-cancer	p	Mice pancreatic cancer cells	[45]
	p	Hamster pancreatic cancer cells	[46]
	p	Mice colorectal cancer cells	[52,53]
	p	Human colon cancer cells	[54,55]
	p	Oral squamous cancer cells (KB)	[56]
	p	Human glioblastoma cells (U87MG)	[57]
	Laminaria japonica	Human lung cancer cells	[58]
	p	Human lung and cervical cancer cells	[59]
	p	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells	[60]
Anti-inflammatory	p	Inflammation of mice tracheal epithelial cells	[61]
	p	Inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	[62,63]
	Sargassum fusiformis	Particulate matter-induced inflammation	[64]
	Tisochrysis lutea, brown seaweeds	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	[47,65,66]
	p	Neuroinflammatory response in induced-Parkinson’s disease	[67]
	p	Acute lung injury inflammation	[68]
	Cylindrotheca closterium	Immunocytes, enterocytes, mesenchymal stem cells	[69]
	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	Pro-inflammatory cytokines	[70]
	p	PAMP lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis inflammation	[71]
Anti-obesity	p	Insulin resistance of obese mice	[72]
	Sargassum siliquosum	Diet-induced obesity in rats	[73]
	p	Gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice	[74]
	Plocamium telfairiae	High-fat diet-fed mice	[75]
Anti-diabetes	Sargassum angustifolium	Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic mice	[76]
Protective effects	p	dexamethasone-induced myotubes atrophy	[77]
	p	Neurodegenerative disorders	[78]
	p	6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity	[79]
	Sargassum honeri	Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity	[80]
	p	High glucose-induced oxidative stress	[81]
	p	Irradiated mice	[82]
	p	Calcification of heart valve interstitial cells	[83]
	p	Macular degeneration and retinal pigment epithelial cell senescence	[84]
	p	Atopic dermatitis symptoms	[85]
	p	Fibroblasts cellular senescence	[86]
	p	Ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney	[87]
	p	UV-B irradiation induced retinal Müller cells	[88]
Anti-oxidant		20-year meta-analysis review	[89]
Anti-microbial	Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceroes sp.	Pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli)	[90]
	p	20 bacterial species (Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis…)	[91]
	p	review	[92]
Anti-Alzheimer	Sargassum horneri	Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity	[93]
Anti-osteoclastogenesis	p	MAP kinase, Nrf2 signaling	[94]
Anti-urolithiatic	p	Ethylene glycol-induced renal calculus in rats	[95]
Anti-fibrogenic	p	Hepatic stellate cells	[96]