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. 2022 Mar 23;11(4):617. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040617

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diabetes effects on Müller glia. Diabetic condition triggers several morphological and metabolic alterations in Müller glia cells. They become hypertrophic, suffer increase in aquaporin-4, decrease the expression of Kir4.1 channel, glutamine synthetase (GS), and EAAT-1 transporters, thus affecting the regulation of the ionic balance and glutamate uptake. Under this condition, Müller glia also increase the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and VEGF, contributing to retinal damage. EAAT, excitatory amino acid transporter. Adapted from smart.servier.com (accessed on 1 April 2021).