Table 1.

Definition of Key Terms

Context Conditioning	Paradigm in which conditioning occurs to a complex array of contextual features (e.g., visual background, spatial location) rather than to a discrete, punctate cue.
Context Renewal	Paradigm in which the context at test differs from that during extinction. Conditional responses often renew following a context shift.
Differential Conditioning	Conditioning paradigm in which one cue (CS+) is repeatedly paired with the US whereas another cue (CS−) is not.
Discrimination	The ability to accurately differentiate between perceptually related cues.
Extinction	Experimental phase in which the CS+ is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.
Extinction of…	Decrease in conditional responding during extinction. For example, extinction of SCR.
Extinction Learning	Proposed mechanism of action during extinction. Formation of a CS-noUS association.
Fear Generalization	Generalization of fear to a stimulus that is perceptually or categorically related to the CS+.
Generalization Decrement	Decrease in responding when an organism recognizes that the context differs from the previous experimental phase. Generalization decrement does not involve new learning.
Occasion Setting	Experimental paradigm in which a stimulus modulates (e.g., sets the occasion for) the relationship between the CS-US.
Rapid Reacquisition	Re-pairing the CS+ with the US following extinction.
Reinstatement	Presenting the US alone following extinction. Results in a renewal of fear to the CS+.
Safety Signal	Stimulus that predicts the non-occurrence of the US.
Spontaneous Recovery	Renewal of conditional responding following the passage of time.
Transfer of Inhibition	Conditioning paradigm in which a compound stimulus (AX+) is paired with a US while another compound stimulus (BX−) is not. Subsequent test of AB compound examines the transfer of inhibition from B to A.