Table 1.

Currently available azole antifungals and associated mycoses.

Class	Application	Azole	Brand	Mycosis	Notes	Ref.
Imidazole	Topical	butoconazole	Gynazole-1, Mycelex-3	uncomplicated and recurrent vaginal candidiasis		[65]
		climbazole	Squaphane, Pitiren	dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis caused by Malassezia sp.		[66]
		clotrimazole †	Lotrimin	oral and vaginal candidiasis, and tinea versicolor, cruris and pedis	WHO Essential Medicine	[66,67]
		eberconazole	Ebernet	cutaneous candidiasis and dermatophytosis	Approved in EU in 2015	[68]
		econazole	Spectrazole, Ecostatin	tinea pedis and cruris, vaginal candidiasis	Also repels clothes moths	[69]
		flutrimazole	Flusporan, Topiderm	cutaneous dermatophytosis including tinea pedis		[70]
		isoconazole	Icaden, Travogen	tinea pedis and vaginal candidiasis	Effective against Gram-positive bacteria	[71]
		ketoconazole †	Nizoral	seborrhoeic dermatitis, dandruff, tinea and cutaneous candidiasis	Also systemic	[72]
		luliconazole	Luzu	tinea pedis and cruris and other dermatophytoses	FDA-approved in 2013	[73]
		miconazole †	Monistat, Desenex	dermatophytosis and cutaneous, oral and vaginal candidiasis	WHO Essential Medicine	[74]
		oxiconazole	Oxistat, Oxizole	dermatophytoses and cutaneous candidiasis		[75]
		sertaconazole	Ertaczo, Dermofix	tinea pedis and vaginal candidiasis	Also anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic	[76,77]
		sulconazole	Exelderm	dermatophytoses	Also anti-carpet beetle	[78,79]
		tioconazole	Vagistat-1	onychomycosis, dermatophytoses and vaginal candidiasis	Also called thioconazole	[80]
	Systemic	ketoconazole	Nizoral (oral)	mycoses caused by Candida, Histoplasma and Coccidioides	Systemic use for extreme cases only	[81]
Triazole	Topical	efinaconazole	Jublia, Clenafin	onychomycosis	Low cure rate, but higher than other drugs	[82]
		fluconazole †	Diflucan	dermatophytoses and cutaneous candidiasis	WHO Essential Medicine, more commonly systemic	[21]
		terconazole	Terazol	acute and chronic vaginal candidiasis		[83]
	Systemic	fluconazole †	Diflucan	candidiasis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis	WHO Essential Medicine, oral or intravenous	[21]
		fosfluconazole	Prodif	prophylaxis in the immunocompromised	Fluconazole prodrug	[84,85]
		fosravuconazole	Nailin	onychomycosis	Ravuconazole prodrug	[86]
		isavuconazonium	Cresemba	mucormycosis and invasive aspergillosis	Isavuconazole prodrug	[35,87]
		itraconazole †	Sporanox, Orungal	aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis	WHO Essential Medicine	[48,88]
		posaconazole	Noxafil, Posanol	invasive candidiasis, aspergilosis, mucormycosis and scedosporiosis	FDA-approved in 2006	[89]
		voriconazole †	Vfend	aspergillosis, candidiasis, penicilliosis, histoplasmosis and fusariosis	WHO Essential Medicine	[90]

^† Most commonly prescribed azole antifungals. Other azole antifungals no longer on the market include ravuconazole, a triazole similar to voriconazole which was discontinued after Phase-III clinical trials and the thiazole abafungin, which is no longer available [91].