Table 2.

Summary of SPR virus–ligand cases discussed in Section 2.1.

Virus	Ligand	Immobilization	Matrix	Key Findings	Platform	Reference
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)	CMV glycoprotein B anti-antibodies	CM3 sensor chip, amine coupling of CMV virons	PBS, 0.05% Tween-20	Table 1 of the study contains binding affinity and kinetics values.	Biacore T100	Chenail et al., 2011 [16]
H5N1, H5N8, and H5N2 viruses	Biotin-labeled H5Nx-specific aptamers	Streptavidin biosensor, biotinylated aptamers	N/A	SPR-based biosensor for H5N1 had a limit of detection (LOD) of 200 EID50/mL in detecting virus in infected feces samples.	Eco Chemie, Utrecht, The Netherlands	Nguyen et al., 2016 [28]
H5N2 virus	Aptamers	Streptavidin biosensor, biotinylated aptamers	N/A	Screened for the aptamer pair with the most intense signal compared to other pairs.	N/A	Kim et al., 2019 [29]
H5N1 virus	Aptamer	Streptavidin biosensor, biotinylated aptamer	PBS	Best aptamer had a dissociation constant of 4.65 nM.	Miniature Spreeta SPR detector	Bai et al., 2012 [30]
Mumps virus	Mumps-specific mAb	Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to immobilize mumps virus	Virus incubation: PBS, 3.7% formaldehyde Washes in between Ab loading: PBS, 0.1% Tween-20	Demonstration of increased surface adsorption by immobilizing using PDDA instead of with poly-L-lysine.	Non-commercial, self-developed	Kim et al., 2006 [31]
Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV)	Anti-OMSV mAb from mice sera	Activated carboxymethyl-dextran sensor, mAb immobilized	10 mM HEPES pH 7.4	Dextran-based mAb immobilization gives a stronger SPR response than Protein A-based immobilization seen in previous studies.	AutoLab ESPRIT (Utrecht, The Netherlands)	Kim et al., 2008 [32]
Tobacco mosaic virus, strain TMV-U	TMV-specific IgGs	Protein A, Fc region of IgGs	Glycine buffer, pH 2.2 Carbonate buffer, pH 9.6	Pre-incubation of virus with IgG results in increased critical angle shift during SPR.	PLASMON BioSuplar (New York, NY, USA)	Boltovets et al., 2004 [33]
Potato virus Y (PVY)	Anti-PVYN antibodies	CM5 sensor chip, amine coupling of mAbs	10 mM HEPES pH 7.4 150 mM NaCl 0.005% Tween-20	kd 1 = (3.9 ± 0.4) × 10−4 s−1 ka 2 = (2.9 ± 0.5) × 104 M−1·s−1 KD 3 = 1.4 × 10−8 M	Biacore X	Razo et al., 2018 [34]
Austographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV)	Monoclonal antibody (mAb) AcV1 against gp64, a surface protein	Amine reactive crosslinker for DTSSP SAM + Protein A + IgG	50 mM phosphate buffer	The platform used was sensitive to AcMNPV and not to the control virus, promoting SPR use for human and animal samples.	Non-commercial, self-developed	Baac et al., 2006 [35]
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1	Aptamers, for sandwich assays	Streptavidin biosensor, biotinylated aptamer	N/A	LOD goes from 104 (single aptamer) to 5000 (sandwich aptamer) to 500 TCID50/mL (sandwich with gold nanoparticle).	Eco Chemie, (Utrecht, The Netherlands)	Park et al., 2014 [36]
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type II, Strain VR-2332	Single-stranded aptamer	Streptavidin biosensor, biotinylated aptamer	N/A	Novel single-stranded aptamers specific to PRRSV type II, strain VR-2332 reported, with a binding affinity of 2.5 × 105 TCID50/mL	Eco Chemie, (Utrecht, The Netherlands)	Lee et al., 2013 [37]
Feline calicivirus (FCV)	Anti-FCV Abs	CM3 dextran sensor chip, amine coupling of Abs	0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4 0.15 M NaCl	This sandwich biosensor detects FCV particles with a limit of detection of 104 TCID50 FCV/mL	Biacore T100	Yakes et al., 2013 [38]

¹ k_d, dissociation rate constant; ² k_a, association rate constant; ³ K_D, equilibrium constant.