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. 2022 Apr 9;10(4):794. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10040794

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Representative scheme of the metabolic pathways activated under different stress conditions in non-Saccharomyces or oleaginous yeasts. The abbreviations correspond to reactive oxygen species (ROS), triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), inorganic phosphate (Pi), nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH or NADP), NADPH oxidases (NOX), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), transcription factors (TF), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase or synthase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), malate dehydrogenase (MHD), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH). ROS accumulation generates oxidative stress, which increases secondary metabolites, the pentose phosphate pathway, glutamate catabolism, and ER stress. Low-temperature conditions increase neutral fatty acid synthesis from triacylglycerols (TAG), whereas at high temperatures, TAG desaturation increases. In oleaginous yeasts, oligotrophic conditions, such as nitrogen-limitation, induce lipogenesis and TAG accumulation in lipid drops (LD), alleviating lipotoxicity. Based from Patel, et al., 2016 and Shi et al., 2017 [43,44]. Adapted from “TAG synthesis”, by BioRender.com (2022). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates (accessed on 1 February 2022).