. 2022 Apr 9;10(4):794. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10040794

Table 1.

Biotechnological applications of extremophilic yeasts.

Extremophilic Yeasts	Conditions	Products	References
Aureobasidium pullulans	Glucose-seawater, 30 °C	Siderophores (0.7–1.1 mg mL⁻¹) Amylase (58.5 U mg mL⁻¹)	[209]
Candida antarctica	Heterologous expression of CalB and LipB in Pichia pastoris Glycerol, 30 °C	Lipase B (8.67 U mg⁻¹)	[210]
Candida sake	Low glucose using Tempranillo must, 12 °C	Sorbitol (13 g L⁻¹)	[211]
Cystofilobasidium capitatum	Glucose, starch	α-Amylases (0.76–1.73 U mL⁻¹) Pectinases (0.5–1.57 U mL⁻¹)	[132,212]
Debaryomyces hansenii	Fermented sausage L-arabinose, 28 °C Rapeseed straw supplemented with different carbon sources Brewery’s spent grain hydrolysate supplemented with yeast extract Rich medium with olive oil, Tween 80, pH 6.4	Prolyl aminopeptidase (0.034–416.25 mg) β-glucosidase (9 mU mL⁻¹) Xylitol (0.42 g L⁻¹ h) Ethanol (0.24 g L⁻¹ h) Xylitol (0.36 g L⁻¹ h) Lipases (7.44 U mL⁻¹)	[213,214,215,216,217,218]
Glaciozyma antarctica	Short-chain soluble esters	Antifreeze proteins, lipases, esterases, glycosidases, proteases, chitinases, dienelactone hydrolases (1.15 U mg⁻¹)	[196,219]
Kluyveromyces lactis	Glucose, lactose	α-Amylase (0.527 U mL⁻¹) α-Galactosidase (2 mg L⁻¹)	[220]
Kluyveromyces marxianus	Lactose or glucose High temperature Low oxygen levels	Bioethanol (10–90 mg mL⁻¹)	[192,193]
Leucosporidium scottii	Glucose, saccharose, fructose Low temperature	Siderophores (1–2 mm)	[221]
Mrakia blollopis	Glucose, 22 °C Tween 80, yeast extract	Amylase (98–148 UA) Cellulases (151–165 UA) Lipase (51.7 U mg⁻¹)	[222,223]
Papiliotrema laurentii	Glucose, nitrogen limitation	Oleic acid (5.9 g L⁻¹)	[224]
Rhodotorula glacialis	Glucose, pH 5.4–6.2, 22 °C Glucose (12%), 10 °C	Amylases (132–220 UA) Oleic acid, linoleic, α-linoleic (22 g L⁻¹)	[222,225]
Rhodotorula glutinis	Yeast Malt Broth, 30 °C	β-Carotene (57%) Torulene (33%) Torularhodin (10%) Total of carotenoids (0.266 mg g⁻¹)	[197]
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	Glucose, 28 °C pH 5–9	Inulinase for fructooligosaccharides production (250 g L⁻¹) β-carotene (20.9 mg g⁻¹) Oxalic acid (83.6–90.3 mg 100 mL⁻¹) Gallic acid (0.5 mg g⁻¹)	[226,227]
Rhodotorula toruloides	Different carbon sources Nitrogen limitation	Triacylglycerols, fatty acids (39 g L⁻¹) β-Carotene, torulene, torularhodin (0.48–0.5 mg g⁻¹) Terpenoids (bisabolene, 521–680 mg L⁻¹)	[203,207,228]
Tetracladium sp.	Glucose, carboxymethylcellulose soluble starch	Cellulase (325 mm mg⁻¹) Glucoamylase (1119 mm mg⁻¹)	[222,229]
Yarrowia lipolytica	Glucose, xylose, agave bagasse hydrolysate	Fatty alcohols (205.4 mg L⁻¹) Alkanes, Alkenes (23.3 mg L⁻¹) Triacylglycerols, sterol esters, phospholipids (15 g L⁻¹)	[26,230]
Zygosaccharomyces bailii	Glucose, fructose Sorghum extract High temperature	Farnesol, geraniol, nonanol nerolidol-2 (0.016 mg L⁻¹) Esters (0.22 mg L⁻¹) Organic acids (0.48 mg L⁻¹) Aldehydes (0.87 mg L⁻¹)	[190,191]
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii	Glucose, mannose, xylitol	Rose honey aroma (1.79–3.58 g L⁻¹) Ethanol, ethyl propanoate, 1-butanol, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (1.7–2.1 mg L⁻¹)	[189,231]