Table A1.
SLR results (database).
| Biological Indicator(s) Type | Tested Medium | Exposure Period (min) | Distance to LEDs (cm) | Wavelength (nm) | Power Density (mW/cm2) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Additional Method? | Bio. Indicators Reduction (Log-Reduction) | Research Area | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIRUSES | ||||||||||
| MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1), Qβ (ATCC 23631-B1), ΦX174 (ATCC 13706-B1) h | distilled water in quartz pipes | 0.02833, 0.08667 | 4 | 266, 279 | na | 9 (MS2, Qβ), 1 (ΦX 174) | No * | 266: >7. 279: ~6. | Water | [19] |
| SARS-CoV-2 h | surfaces of personal items (glass, metal, plastic) | ≤10 | 1, 5 | 254, 280 | 0.065–0.245 | 0–39 | No | 254: undetected “after 3 (...) or [and] 10 min” (p. 4). 280: 1.6–2.27 | Health | [31] |
| SARS-CoV-2 h | in vitro (hole plate u) | 0.01667 | 0–3 u | 275 | 94 | na | No | “1 s enables 100% elimination” (p. 2008452) | Health | [38] |
| SARS-CoV-2 (Lot: VMR–SARSCPV2VERO E6_28042020) | in vitro (Petri dish) | ≤10 | mid-height of the box (p. 3) | 265 | 0.0862–0.097 | 15.5–58.2 | No * | >5.7 | Health | [33] |
| MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1), Qβ (ATCC 23631-B1), ΦX174 (ATCC 13706-B1) h | air samples from a testing chamber | 10 | 15 | 280 | na | 45 | No | 4–4.9 | Air | [7] |
| Influenza A virus (H1N1 subtype: A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) | MDCK | ≤10 | >1.5 u | 280 | 5.5 | ~100 | No * | 4 | Health | [3] |
| MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) h | in vitro (multiwell plates) | 0.83333 | na | 265 | 0.18, 0.19 | ~40–~145 | No * | 4 | Water | [47] |
| SARS-CoV-2 h | different balls (soccer ball, basketball, volleyball) | 1, 2 | na | 275 | 0.139–0.182 | 8.31 | No | >3 | Materials | [70] |
| HCoV-229E, influenza virus | solid surface, aerosol | variable | 10 | 265, 275 w | 0.0144 (solid surface) | variable | Yes (aerosol: HEPA/UVC) | Solid surfaces:>3. Aerosol: ~3. (HEPA/UVC). | Health | [32] |
| SARS-CoV-2 (strains: hCoV-19/Japan/QHN001/2020 (B.1.1.7), hCoV- 19/Japan/TY8-612/2021 (B.1.351), hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-501/2020 (P.1)) h | in vitro (12-well plate) | 0.01667–0.08333 | na | 280 | 3.75 | 3.75, 18.75 | No | 0.01667: <2, 0.08333: 3 (B.1.1.7 and B.1.351) and ~3 (P.1) | Health | [24] |
| MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) h | water samples | ≤6 | 2 | 265 | na | 20–5400 | Yes (UVA) * | ~1.8 (UVA/C) | Water | [5] |
| MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) | water samples | variable | 2 | 265 | 4 | 20 | Yes (UVA) * | ~1.75 | Water | [48] |
| Biological Indicator(s) type | Tested Medium | Exposure Period (min) | Distance to LEDs (cm) | Wavelength (nm) | Power Density (mW/cm2) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Additional Method? | Bio. Indicators Reduction (Log-Reduction) | Research Area | Source |
| BACTERIA | ||||||||||
| R. ornithinolytica, R. mucilaginosa, P. brenneri, S. aureus (ATCC 25904, Wild type strain NCTC 8325, cured of phages φ11, φ12, φ13) | water samples | 2–60 ** | 8.5 | ~256 | 0.052–0.056 | 10–240 | No | ~7.5 (S. aureus aggregating/broken aggregates), ~6.5 (S. aureus nonaggregating), ~6 (R. ornithinolytica, P. brenneri), ~5.5 (S. aureus aggregating), ~3.5 (R. mucilaginosa) | Water | [54] |
| E. coli (ATCC 25922), E. coli O157:H7 (RIMD 0509939, RIMD 05091896, RIMD 05091897, HIPH 12361), S. typhimurium (RIMD 1985007, RIMD 1985009, ATCC 29057, ATCC 29629, ATCC 29630), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 13932, ATCC 15313, ATCC 19111, ATCC 19117, ATCC 19118, ATCC 35152) | distilled water, ice cubes | ≤30 (ice cubes) | 2–10 | 270–280 | 0.005–0.084 | 2.64 (distilled water) 15.2 and 160 (ice cubes) | No * | Distilled water: >7 (E. coli), 6–7 (other bio. indicators). Ice cubes: >6 (other bio. indicators), 4.45 (E. coli). | Food | [59] |
| S. typhimurium (CICC 21484), L. monocytogenes (CICC 21662), E. coli O157:H7 (CICC 10907) | in vitro (Petri dish), raw tuna fillets | ≤0.33333, ≤33.33333 | 15 | 275 | 0.5 | ≤20, ≤4000 | No | in vitro: >7. Raw tuna fillets: 1.86 (L. monocytogenes), 1.77 (E. coli O157:H7), 1.31 (S. typhimurium) | Food | [68] |
| P. aeruginosa biofilm (clinical strain) | FEP Teflon tubes, silicone peritoneal dialysis catheter | 15–300 | ≤20 | 265 | 8.3–166 | 0.007–2.988 × 106 | No | FEP: 6.78. Silicone: 4. | Health | [30] |
| L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313, ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115), S. typhimurium (DT 104, ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971) | distilled and sterilized water samples w/varying turbidities | 0–0.83333 | 19 | 280 | 0.434 | 0–25 | No * | >6 | Water | [51] |
| E. coli (ATCC 10536), S. marcescens (ATCC 6911), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | air samples from a testing chamber | 1 u | na | ~271 | 0.011–0.041 u | na | No * | >6 (E. coli), 6 (S. marcescens), ~1.5 (S. epidermis) | Air | [46] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogeneses (ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115, ATCC 15313) | in vitro (Petri dish), sliced camembert cheese | variable | 4 | 266, 270, 275, 279 | ~0.004 | 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 (in vitro). 1, 2, 3 (sliced camembert) | No * | in vitro: ~5.3–~6 (266 nm). Sliced camembert: 3.52–4.88 (266 nm), 3.24–4.04 (279 nm) | Food | [1] |
| methicillin-resistant S. aureus (DSM 11822) | in vitro (plate) | 6–15 | 2.5 | 233 | 0.046 (filter), 0.178 (no filter) | ≤40 | No | 4–6 | Health | [37] |
| S. aureus (ATCC 13150), E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aureginosa (ATCC 27853) | stethoscope membranes | 5 | 1.1–2.3 | 275 | na | na | No | “no CFUs (...) [were] contaminated” (S. aureus, E. coli.), “membranes showed 3 and 12 CFUs for LEDs 16 and 18, respectively” (p. 4) (P. aeruginosa) (P. aureginosa) (p. 4) | Health | [28] |
| P. aureginosa planktonic (clinical strain) | FEP Teflon tubes, EVA tubes | 0.5–75 | ≤20 | 265 | na | 0–21 | No | FEP (10/20%NaCl OR 0.9%NaCl): “No CFUs were observed” OR “no growth (...) on day 1. Re-growth was (...) observed after 3–4 days”. EVA (0.9% NaCl): “no CFUs were visible (...) no growth” (pp. 824–825) | Health | [29] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313, ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115), S. aureus (ATCC 10390, ATCC 12598, ATCC 27644), S. enteritidis PT 30 (ATCC BAA1045), S. senftenberg (KVCC 0590), S. tennessee (KVCC 0592) | in vitro (Petri dish) | variable | 4 | 260, 270, 275, 279 | 4.24, 3.96, 3.76, 3.77 | 0.1–0.6 (treatment), 1 (cell damage assessment) | No | >5 (E. coli O157:H7), ≤5 (S. aureus, L. monocytogenes), >3 (Salmonella spp.) | Food | [18] |
| B. cereus TRB-3, B. pumilus TRB-5 (isolated from the Qianpu Wastewater Treatment Plant) | in vitro (Petri dish) | na | 02/mar | 268, 275 | 0.38 | ≤46.08 | No | >5 | Water | [60] |
| E. coli (KCTC 2571), S. aureus (KCTC 1916), B. cereus (KCTC 3624), S. typhimurium (KCTC 2054), L. monocytogenes (KCTC 7121) | sample sterile water within the tank | ≤120 | 3.2–8.4 | 278 | na | 3.55 | No * | >5 | Water | [56] |
| P. aeruginosa (ATCC 6538), S. aureus (ATCC 15442) | in vitro (plate) | 0.5, 1 | 1, 1.5, 2 | 275 | na | 57.6 | No * | 5.45 (fecal coliform), ~5.43 (S. aureus), ~5.40 (P. aureginosa), 5.25 (total coliform) | Health | [36] |
| total coliform bacteria, E. Erogenous, E. coli (from the wastewater) | biologically treated sugar industry wastewater samples | ≤30 | 14 (bath height) | 275 | na | na | Yes (Ultrasound, H2O2, O3) * | UVC: >5 (E. coli), UVC/Ultrasound/H2O2: >3 (bacterial total coliform) m | Water | [58] |
| E. coli K-12 (ATCC 23631) | simulated wastewater secondary effluent | 0–60 | 7 | 278 | 0.137–0.267 | 240–360 | Yes (H2O2, ) * | ≥~5. (/UVC), 5 (UVC), ≤~5 (H2O2/UVC). | Water | [11] |
| E. coli (ATCC 11229, ATCC 15597, ATCC 25922, ATCC 700891) | purified water | 5–6 | 0.7 | 265 | 0.127 | na | Yes (UVA) * | ~5 (ATCC 15597), ~4.5 (ATCC 700891) 4 (ATCC 11229, ATCC 25922) | Water | [26] |
| S. mutans (MT 8148), S. sobrinus (MT 6715) | bovine incisors | 2.5, 5 | na | 265 | na | 1600, 3200 | No * | ~5 | Health | [35] |
| S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115, ATCC 15313) | in vitro (Petri dish) | 0–1.25 | 22 | 280 | 0.104 | na | Yes (222 nm KrCl excilamp) | Excilamp/UVC: ~5 (S. typhimurium), ~4.5 (L. monocytogenes). UVC: ~2 (S. typhimurium), ~1 (L. monocytogenes) | Food | [61] |
| E. coli, fecal streptococci, total coliform, fecal coliform | biologically treated sewage | na | na | 275 | na | na | No | 5 (E. coli), 4.7 (fecal streptococci) | Water | [53] |
| B. anthracis spores, B. atrophaeus (ATCC 9372) spores | low pile carpet, pinewood, glass, laminate | 60, 120, 240, 360 | 11 | 265 | 0.37–0.47 (LRH) or 0.32–0.4 (HRH) | 900–5400 | No | Glass: 4.02–5.06 (LRH), 2.58–3.32 (HRH). Laminate: 3.95–4.8 (LRH), 3.06–3.18 (HRH). Carpet: 2.97–3.97 (LRH), 1.61–2.29 (HRH). Wood: 2.21–3.37 (LRH), 1.12–2.05 (HRH) m | Materials | [71] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115, ATCC 15313), S. aureus (ATCC 25923, ATCC 27213, ATCC 29273) | air samples from a testing chamber | 1 | 15 | 280 | na | 1.5–4.6 | No | 2.5–5 | Air | [7] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115, ATCC 15313) | white mushrooms, commercial ready-to-eat sausages | variable | 8 | 280 | na | 0.5–5 | No * | 1.78–4.94 | Food | [6] |
| K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. typhimurium | in vitro (Petri dish) | ≤10 | 1, 10 | 265 | na | na | No | >4 | Health | [34] |
| S. typhimurium | sample droplets | 1–30 | 3 | 275 | 0.77 | na | Yes (O3) * | >4 (UVC) | Air | [45] |
| E. coli (CGMCC 1.3373) | deionized water | variable | 2.2 | 265, 275 | 0.384 | 0–23 ** | Yes (UVB) * | >4 (265 nm, UVC/C), 4 (275 nm), <3 (UVB/C) | Water | [2] |
| E. coli (ATCC 11229) | water samples | 0–1.33333 | 2 | 265 | na | 4.2 | Yes (UVA, B) * | 4.6 (UVB/C) | Water | [5] |
| E. coli (CGMCC 1.3373) | deionized water | na | 3–3.6 | 265, 280 | 0.28 | 17.3 | No * | 4.4 (268 nm), 4 (275 nm) | Water | [49] |
| E. coli | treated wastewater | 5, 15, 30, 60 | 3.8 | 255, 280 | 0.017, 0.019 | na | Yes (UVA) * | 4 (all but UVC, 255 nm), 3.2 (UVC, 255 nm) | Water | [52] |
| E. coli (ATCC 8739), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), V. cholerae (ATCC 25872), Heteropatic bacteria * | purgatory One bottles (different volumes) with contaminated water | 0.91667 | na | ~269 | na | na | No | >3 | Water | [57] |
| E. coli (DSM 498), B. subtilis (DSM 402) | water samples in glass tubes (quartz or soda-lime) | 0.16667, 0.66667, 1.5 | 0.5–10 | 280 w | ≤~1 | 8.64, 35.59, 77.82 | No | Mixing: 1.59–3.07. Stagnant: 0.75–0.95. |
Water | [10] |
| S. marcescens (ATCC 6911), P. alcaligenes (ATCC 14909), E. coli O59:H21 (ATCC 10536), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. typhimurium (ATCC 53648) | in vitro (Petri dish) | 0.01667–1.5 | 2.5 | 271 | na | 0.75–6.75 | Yes (UVA, B) * | ~3 (E. coli O59:H2, S. marcescens), ~2.5 (P. alcaligenes), ~2 (S. epidermis), ~1.5 (S. typhimurium) | Food | [69] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313, ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115) | in vitro (plate), sliced deli meat, spinach | ≤0.075 (in vitro), ≤0.36 (food samples) | 3 | 280 | na | 7.26 (in vitro), 21.6 (food samples) | No | in vitro: ≤3. Spinach: 2.4–2.6. Sliced meat: 1–1.6 | Food | [62] |
| L. monocytogenes LO28, S. typhimurium (ATCC 49416), B. spizizenii (ATCC 6633), E. coli DH5αlux | plastic surface, powdered seasoning ingredients (onion powder, garlic powder, cheese, and onion powder, chili powder) | 0.08333–0.66667 | 2 | 270 | na | 16–128 | No | 0.75–3 | Food | [67] |
| L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313, ATCC 19111), S. aureus (ATCC 13565) | cherry tomato, grape, apple, pineapple | 3 | na | 275 | 0.240 | na | Yes (SAEW, 0.5% FA) * | SAEW/0.5% FA/UVC: 1.01–2.63 (L. monocyto genes), 0.51–1.65 (S. aureus) | Food | [65] |
| E. coli | in vitro (multiwell plates) | 0.83333 | na | 265 | 0.18, 0.19 | 6.6–6.9 | No * | 2.1–2.3 | Water | [47] |
| S. typhimurium (CICC 21484, ATCC 14028) | lettuce | 1–30 | 6 | na | 0.050–0.200 | na | Yes (SAEW) * | ~1–2.3 (UVC), 2.56–2.97 (SAEW/UVC) | Food | [63] |
| E. coli O157:H7 | fresh-cut white pitaya | ≤33 | 5 | 275 | na | 0–1200 | No * | 2.21 | Food | [64] |
| E. coli | water samples from a hand dump | ≤6 | 1.5–2.75 | 275 | na | ≤4.68 | No | ≤2.1 | Water | [55] |
| E. coli (ATCC 11229) | water samples | variable | 2 | 265 | 4 | 4.2 | Yes (UVA) * | ~1.75 (UVA/C) | Water | [48] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43889, ATCC 43890), S. typhimurium (ATCC 19585, ATCC 43971, DT 104), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 19111, ATCC 19115, ATCC 15313) | glass, PVC, 304-type stainless steel with No. 4 finish, Teflon, silicon | variable | 3 | 280 | na | 0.5–3 | Yes (60 °C mild heat) | UVC: 0.5–1.66 (S. typhimurium), 0.9–1.44 (E. coli O157:H7), 0.5–0.91 (L. monocytogenes) | Materials | [72] |
| P. aeruginosa (PAO1, lab strain) | in vitro (polycarbonate coupons) | 0–60 | ≤10 | 268 | 0.028–0.097 | 8 | No | 1.3 | Water | [50] |
| S. aureus, E. coli, P. aureginosa, E. faecalis | stethoscope membranes | 1 | ≤2.3 | 260 | na | na | No | 0.84–1.29 | Health | [22] |
| E. coli (ATCC 10536), S. typhimurium (ATCC 53648), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | toilet surface, air derived by flushing | na | 1–7 | ~270 | ≤0.099 | na | No | <1 | Air | [43] |
| E. coli O157:H7 (NCTC 12079), non-O157 enterohemorrhagic E. coli (NCCP 13720, 13721), Enterotoxin A-producing S. aureus (ATCC 13565) | strawberries, baby leaves, sliced onions | 3 | 6 | 275 | 0.173 | 31.14 | Yes (Aerolized SAEW) * | 0.53–0.92 (aerolized SAEW/UVC) | Food | [66] |
| E. coli (ATCC 10536), S. marcescens (ATCC 6911), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | air samples from a testing chamber | 1 | na | ~271 | 0.0003–0.0005 u | na | No * | 1.068 (E. coli), 1.148 (S. marcescens), 0.156 (S. epidermis) ** | Air | [44] |
| S. mutans (ATCC 25175), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), E. coli (ATCC 25922) 1 | medical silicone specimens (A-588-1; Factor II) | 10 | na | na | na | na | No * | 35.71% ** | Health | [40] |
| P. aeruginosa biofilm (FEP), planktonic (EVA) | FEP Teflon tubes, EVA tubes | 75 (EVA), 300 (FEP) | ≤20 | 265 (FEP), 275 (EVA) | 0.215 (FEP), 0.094 (EVA) | 423–3870 | No | “Almost 100% disinfection” (p. 353) | Health | [21] |
| Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43000), multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae (clinically isolated), multi-drug-resistant E. faecium (ATCC 51559) | canine skin, muscle tissues | na | na | 270 | na | 15, 30, 40 | Yes (0.05% chlorhexidine) | “The bactericidal activity (...) in skin for S. aureus and K. pneumonia, but not E. faecium” (UVC, p.1) AND “synergy against E. faecium when evaluated on skin.” (0.05% chlorhexidine/UVC, p.1) | Health | [23] |
| L. pneumophila | water samples | 30 | ≤30 | 265, 275 w | na | na | No | “wavelengths were effective” (p. 2) | Health | [32] |
| Biological Indicator(s) type | Tested medium | Exposure period (min) | Distance to LEDs (cm) | Wavelength (nm) | Power density (mW/cm2) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Additional Method? | Bio. indicators reduction (log-reduction) | Research Area | Source |
| FUNGI | ||||||||||
| C. albicans | in vitro (Petri dish) | 1, 10 | 1 | 265 | na | na | No | >4, ~3 | Health | [34] |
| A. flavus (ATCC 46110), A. japonica (ATCC 44897) | air samples from a testing chamber | 5 | 15 | 280 | na | 23 | No | ~4 | Air | [7] |
| P. membranaefaciens (KCCM 12470), S. pastorianus (KCCM 11523) | in vitro (Petri dish) | variable u | 4 | 260, 270, 275, 279 | 0.0042 (260), 0.0039 (270), 0.0038 (275), 0.0038 (279) | 0.1–0.6 | No | ≤~4 (P. membranaefaciens), ≤~1 (S. pastorianus) | Food | [18] |
| T. rubrum spores (09-043-3609) | toenails | 0.5–480 | 0.43 u | 280 | 1.8 | 50–3200 | No * | “lower fluences (...) were not inhibitory as regrowth occurred (...) [h]owever, irradiations with fluences greater than 0.5 J/cm2 had a profound effect on the viability (…) [and] regrowth” (p. 160) | Health | [39] |
| C. albicans (ATCC 10231) 1 | medical silicone specimens (A-588-1; Factor II) | 10 | na | na | na | na | No * | 35.71% ** | Health | [40] |
| Biological Indicator(S) Type | Tested Medium | Exposure Period (min) | Distance to LEDs (cm) | Wavelength (nm) | Power Density (mW/cm2) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Additional Method? | Bio. Indicators Reduction (Log-Reduction) | Research Area | Source |
| OTHER BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS | ||||||||||
| Plasmid (pCR™-II-TOPO® vector) containing ampicillin and kanamycin resistance | in vitro (Petri dish) | na | ≥ 8.2 u | 265 w | 0.179, 0.595 | ≤186 | No | ≥4 | Health | [38] |
| Varroa destructive mites * | in vivo | ~0.041667 | 1 | 270, 275, 280 | na | na | No | −83.86% (2014), −67.2% (2015), −76.33% (2016) ** | Veterinary | [41] |
Notes: Results in dark grey indicate sterilization or untraceable levels. Results in light grey represent the disinfection results. Finally, the uncolored cases represent results beneath the decontamination threshold (3 log-reduction). “h” indicates host cell information. For bacteriophage viruses, the hosts were E. coli C3000 (ATCC 15597) or E. coli CN13 (ATCC 700609). For SARS-CoV-2, Vero E6 (ATCC 81TM). “~” indicates the expression approximately, “/” represents the expression combined with, and “na” is not available. “u” indicates that information in the original text was unclear. However, it has been depicted from Figures, context, supplementary material, or previous studies. “1” indicates that these authors “carr[ied] out planktonic cultures to obtain multispecies biofilm” ([40], p. 452.e2); we just divided them according to biological indicators to help readers. In column “wavelength (nm),” readers may notice a “w,” which indicates the authors also considered wavelengths with peaks over 280 nm within the UVC range. In column “Additional Method,” the readers might see “*”; this indicates that the authors compared UVC results with other methods or UV sources. In column “Bio. indicators reduction (log-reduction)”, readers may see “**,” which indicates the authors computed other indicators, such as the effective susceptibility (m2/J, [44]), optical density from control (%, [40]), the incidence of a biological indicator (%, [41]); “m” stands for the cases that authors did not evaluate all biological indicators for UVC, for instance: B. anthracis in [71], E. coli in [58]. Abbreviations: ATCC, American Type Culture Collection. KVCC, Korea Veterinary Culture Collection. RIMD, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases. HIPH, High Institute of Public Health, CGMCC, China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre. CICC, China Center of Industrial Culture Collection. DSM, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen. KCCM, Korea Culture Center of Microorganisms. MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney. LRH, low relative humidity. HRH, high relative humidity. FEP, fluor-ethylene-propylene. EVA, ethylene-vinyl-acetate. PVC, polyvinyl chloride. SAEW, slightly acidic electrolyzed water. FA, fumaric acid. Chemical notations: O3, ozone. H2O2, hydrogen peroxide. , peroxydisulfate.